魏艳燕论文定稿

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题姓学专年目：C-ETranslationofCulture-loadedWordsinHuangdiNeijing名：号：业：级：魏艳燕徐小鹏20120901068英年语5月20日2012级指导老师：完成日期：20161C-ETranslationofCulture-loadedWordsinHuangdiNeijingAThesisSubmittedforObtainingtheB.A.DegreefromSchoolofForeignLanguages,HubeiUniversityofChineseMedicineByWeiYanyan

Supervised

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TeacherXuXiaopeng

May20,2016

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ThethesisC-ETranslationofculture-loadedwordsinHuangdiNeijingbyWeiYanyanwasreviewedandapprovedbyXuXiaopengonMay12,2016.

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3Acknowledgment

Iwouldliketopresentmygratitudetoanumberofpeoplewhohavegivenmevaluableadviceandencouragementinwritingthisthesis.Thisthesiswouldneverhavebeencompletedwithouttheirhelp.Firstandforemost,Iwouldliketoexpressmyearnestgratitudetomysupervisor,XuXiaopeng,forherintellectualguidanceandherwarmandconstantencouragement.Duringtheprocessofwritingthisthesis,sheinspiredmyinterestintranslationresearch,offeredmevaluablesuggestionsinchoosingthistopic,guidedmethroughthewritingofthisthesis,readmymanuscriptspatientlyandmadesignificantimprovementsineachpartofthisthesis.IalsowanttoshowmygratitudetoalltheteachersinSchoolofForeignLanguagesofHubeiUniversityofChineseMedicinewhohaveprovidedmewithinspirationandusefulinformation,andgivenmegreatestencouragement.

Abstract:Huandineijing,theYellowEmperor’sClassicalofInternalMedicine,abbreviatedasNeiJing,isthetoptreasureinthetraditionalChinesemedicine(TCM)history.IthaslaidatheoreticalfoundationforTCM,whichisviewedasthemostimportantamongthefourclassicalworksonTCM.ItssuccinctlanguagepowerfullyshowstheChineseculture.Itcontainsagreatvarietyofculture-loadedwords,sotounderstandandtranslatethosewordscorrectlyinfluencesthespreadofChinesecultureandTCMteachingdirectly.Meanwhile,thetranslationofculture-loadedwordsinHuandineijingbecomesimportantandmeaningful.WonderfultranslationmethodscanhelpreadersunderstandandmasterTCMbetter.Therefore,thisessaymainlydiscussesthetranslationmethodsofculture-loadedwords.Thisthesiscontainsfiveparts.Thechapteronegivesageneralintroductionabouttheresearchbackground,researchobjectivesandresearchsignificance,researchmethodsandthesisstructure.Thesecondchaptertellstherelationshipbetweencultureandlanguage,generalprinciplestotranslatetheculture-loadedwordsaswell.ThethirdchapterintroducestheC-Etranslationofculture-loadedwordsinHuangdiNeijingbycontrastivelyanalyzingtwoversionsoftranslationofthesameculture-loadedwordsbytwotranslators--LiZhaoguoandIlzaVeith,andconcludesthetranslatingideasandfeaturesofdifferenttranslators.Theforthpartdiscussesseveraltranslationmethodsofculture-loadedwords.Thefifthchapteristheconclusion.Keywords:HuangdiNeijing;culture-loadedwords;classics;translationI摘要:《黄帝内经》，简称《内经》，是中医史上的一部魁宝，奠基了中医的理论基础，被列为四大经典著作之首。他的语言精练，文本具有浓厚的文化色彩，有着较高的医学价值和文学价值。与此同时，它含有大量的文化负载词，准确的理解和翻译这些词对文化的传播和中医教学有着至关重要的影响，所以黄帝内经中文化负载词的翻译变得越来越重要和有意义。精妙的翻译方法可以更好的帮助读者理解和掌握黄帝内经。因此本文主要讨论文化负载词的翻译方法。本文共分六章。第一章综述了论文的研究背景、理论基础、研究意义及研究方法。第二章论述了文化的定义以及语言、文化关系，文化负载词翻译的一般性原则。第三章引入《黄帝内经》中文化负载词的中英文翻译研究，作者将从《内经》译者李照国、IlzaVeith、二个译本中对同一个文化负载词进行对比分析，总结提出译者的翻译思想和翻译特点。第四章文化负载词的英译方法思考。第五章为本文的总结章。关键词：《黄帝内经》；文化负载词；典籍；翻译IIContents

Acknowledgements.....................................................................................................IAbstractinEnglish...................................................................................................IIAbstractinChinese.................................................................................................III

1.01.11.21.3

Introduction.......................................................................................................1ResearchBackground....................................................................................1ResearchObjectivesandSignificance..........................................................1ResearchMethodandThesisStructure.........................................................2

2.0TranslationofCulture-loadedWords..............................................................32.1TheRelationshipBetweenLanguageandCulture.......................................32.2TheDefinitionofCulture-loadedWordsandItsCharacteristics..................32.33.03.1

PrinciplestoTranslateCulture-loadedWords..............................................5StudiesoftheTranslationofHuangdiNeijing................................................5ComparisonBetweentheVersionbyLiZhaoguoandThatbyIlzaVeith.....5

3.2AnAnalysisoftheCharacteristicsofTwoTranslationVersions..................74.0

MethodstoTranslateCulture-loadedWordsinHuangdiNeijing..............8

4.1TransliterationwithExplanation...................................................................94.2

FlexibleUseofAnnotation...........................................................................9

4.3AlternativeTranslation.................................................................................104.45.0

Non-translation.............................................................................................10Conclusion........................................................................................................10

Bibliography..............................................................................................................12

III1.0Introduction

1.1

ResearchBackground

WiththedevelopmentofChinesescienceandtechnology,Chineseculturebecomesasignofpowerfulcountry.TherearevariousformsofChineseculture,mainlyincludingfoodculture,festivalcultureandcustomculture,etc.Chinabecomesfamousintheworldforitslonghistory,whichmakesChineseculturepreciousandgivesitstronglanguagecharacteristics.Therefore,thetraditionalChineseculturebecomesparticularlythequintessenceofChinesecivilization.InfluencedbythetraditionalChinesephilosophyandgeography,TCMformsthespecialtraditionalChineseculture.Itcontainsamultipleofculture-loadedwordswhichcanreflecttheculture.Thosewordsandphrasesgivethetranslatorsagreatchallengetounderstand.Therefore,culture-loadedwordsarethemostsignificantanddifficultypartsforthetranslationofHuangdiNeijing.ThequalityofHuangdiNeijingtranslationiscloselyrelatedtothespreadofChineseculture.TCMisviewedasanimportantpartoftraditionalChineseculture,contributingalottohelppeople’shealthforthousandsyears.Eventoday,thoughmodernmedicineisdevelopingrapidly,TCMstillplaysanuniqueroleinpreventionandtreatmentofdiseases.Furthermore,TCMisdevelopingtowardinternationalization.WiththelegalizationofTCMinsomeforeignregions,moreandmoreforeignershavebeguntolearntheancientandmysteriouseasternmedicineandpraiseitstreatmenteffects.Manyuniversitieshaveadmittedoverseasstudents.AnumberofoverseasstudentscometoChinatostudyTCM.HuangdiNeijingistherepresentativeofTCMinChineseculture.Therefore,anaccuratetranslationofHuangdiNeijingbecomesakeytospreadTCM.1.2ResearchObjectivesandSignificance

UniqueChineseculturalelementsbuildobstaclesforTLreaders,whichisthemainreasonwhythetranslationofculture-loadedwordsishardtobeperfect.ManyresearchespaymuchattentiontothestrategiestotranslatethosewordsintoEnglish.Howtotranslateculture-loadedwordsappropriatelyandenableTLreaderstoappreciatetheessenceofHuangdiNeijinghasbecomeaheatedtopicinacademicfield.Theobjectivesofthepresentresearchcanbestatedasthefollowingpoints.1First,HuangdiNeijing,asafundamentalworkofTCM,needsaprecisetranslationtohelpthestandardizationofTCMterminology.Studyingthetranslationofculture-loadedwordshasameaningfulsignificancefortheeducationofoverseasstudents.AnumberofoverseasstudentscomeChinatostudyTCM.Englishistheirbasiclanguage,andHuangdiNeijingistheirbasiccourse.ThetranslationqualityofTCMisrelatedtotheeducationalqualityofoverseasstudents.Next,theessenceoftranslatingculture-loadedwordsistoconveytheculturalconnotationandtheexchangeofculture.ThesuccessfultranslationofTCMcannotonlyfacilitateourcommunicationwithoutsideworldaboutmedicinebutalsodevelopChinesecivilization.Asaresult,IhopethispapercanbringTCMtranslatorssomeenlightenmentandgivethemsomeguidance.1.3ResearchMethodsandThesisStructure

Inthisthesis,comparativeanalysisismadetostudythetranslationsofHuangdiNeijingbyLiZhaoguoandIlzaVeitheach,concludingtheirdifferencesindealingwithculture-loadedwords.Theauthoranalyzestwodifferentversionsfromtheperspectiveoftheirbackgroundsandtranslationstrategies,andcomparestheiradvantagesanddisadvantagesbyraisingsomeexamples.Then,thestandardtotranslateculture-loadedwordsisconcluded.Inthisprocess,translationcriticismwillbeinvolvedbecause“itisanessentiallinkbetweentranslationtheoryandpractice”(Newmark,2001:184).Thisthesisconsistsoffiveparts.Thefirstchaptergivesageneralintroductionabouttheresearchbackground,researchobjectivesandresearchsignificance,researchmethodsandthesisstructure.Thesecondchaptertellstherelationshipbetweencultureandlanguageandmakestheconclusionthatintranslationstudieslanguageisanindispensablefactorwhencultureisexplored.Italsoconcludestwogeneralprinciplestotranslateculture-loadedwords.ThechapterthreeintroducestheC-Etranslationofculture-loadedwordsinHuangdiNeijingbycontrastivelyanalyzingdifferenttranslationversionsofthesameculture-loadedwordsbytwotranslators--LiZhaoguoandIlzaVeith,andconcludestheirdifferenttranslatingideasandfeatures.Thechapterfourdiscussesseveraltranslationmethodsofculture-loadedwords.Thechapterfiveistheconclusion.22.0TranslationofCulture-loadedWords

2.1TheRelationshipBetweenLanguageandCulture

Languageisanimportantwaytocommunicateandexpressthefeeling.Itplaysasignificantroleinthehumanevolutionandsocialdevelopment.Thegeneralcultureisthesumofallthematerialandspiritualwealthcreatedbyhumanbeings.(GaoChangjiang,1992:7)WhileNidathinksthatcultureconcludesimmaterialmorphologythings,suchascustom,language,thinkingway,familymodalandsoon.(2006:78)Inaword,cultureisthelocalvalueandcustomsofacountryoranationformedbythehistoricalproduct.Culturereflectstheuniqueactivitieswhichsetsaspecificregionapartfromotherregionsintheprocessofhistoricaldevelopment.(LiaoQiyi,2002:232)Languageandcultureindifferentcountriesareunique.Languageisnotonlythecarrierofculture,alsotheimportantpartofculture.Onlyundertheimpactofcultureenvironment,canlanguagebemeaningful.(Bassnett,2006:82)Languageistheuniqueculturaldepositsofacountryoranation.Itisdifficulttoachievetheculturalinheritancewithoutlanguage.AnobviousexampleisthegreetingwaysbetweenChineseandwesternpeople.BecauseChinaisafamousfarmingcommunity,therearealotofexpressionsrelatedto“food”inthedailylife.Whenpeoplemeeteachother,theywillask,“haveyoueaten?”forgreeting.Thiswayofgreetingisjustassameas“hello”inwesterncountry.InChina,toaskwhethertheotherpersonhavehadthebreakfastisacommonwaytosay“hi”,buttheforeignersdonotthinkso.Theymaydoubtthat,“Youhavenothingtoeat?”or“I’dbetteraskthispersontogotomyhouseforadinner.”Allinall,thismeansaninvitationtodinnersometimes.AnotherwayofgreetinginChinais“whereareyougoing?”or“wherehaveyoubeen?”.InChina,thisgreetingisjustapolitewaytoshowfriendliness.Butifyouusethesesentencestogreetwesternpeople,theywillfeelunhappy.Theymayfeeloffendedbecauseit’snoneofothers’business.Westernpeoplealwaystalkabouttheweatherwhentheymeet.Theyrespecttheprivacyofothers,andwillnotaskothersfortheirprivateinformation.2.2TheDefinitionofCulture-loadedWordsanditsCharacteristics

Vocabularyisthebasicunitoflanguage.Withtheimpactofcultureandlanguage,lotsofculture-loadedwordsarecreated.Theseculture-loadedwordscarrythelocalculturalinformation,whichreflectthelocalculturalfeaturesdirectlyorindirectly.Thosewordswhichcarryspecific3informationhavenocorrespondingmeaninginthetargetlanguage.Thatiswhyculture-loadedwordsexist.(BaoHuinan,BaoAng,2004:10)Chineseidiomsandliteraryquotationsarebothculture-loadedwords.Take“琅琊榜”asanexample.ThisisafamousChineseTVplay,tellingastoryinwhichthehero“梅长苏”helpedhisbestfriendbecomeanuprightandhonestking.“琅琊榜”istranslatedinto“Nirvanainfire”.Nirvanamean“火中涅磐”inChinese,whichshowthatapersonchangeshisthoughtandattitudetowardlifeafterhisdestructiveexperience.Accordingtotheplot,thetranslationproperlyconveystheessenceofthestory.WhileaccordingtoMonaBaker,“Thesource-languagewordmayexpressaconceptwhichistotallyunknowninthetargetculture.Theconceptmaybeabstractorconcrete.Itmayrelatetoareligiousbelief,asocialcustom,oratypeoffood.Suchconceptsareoftenreferredtoasculture-specific”(2000:21).LouisB.Salomon,afamousAmericanlinguist,definesthetermscontainingprofoundculturalconnotationsas“vocabularyblanks”and“semanticunfacts”.Othertheoristsgivethenamelike“culture-loadedwords”or“culture-specific,culturallyconditionedwords”.Butnomatterhowdifferentthesenamesare,theyallrefertothesamekindofwords.Thosewordscarryculturalmeanings.Fortheconveniencefordiscussion,allthewordsdiscussedinthisessayarecalled“culture-loadedwords”.Generallyspeaking,culture-loadedwordshavethefollowingthreemaincharacteristics.Thefirstisthattheycarryakindofpeculiaranduniqueculture.Culture-loadedwordscarryspecificculturalinformationandsuggestdeepnationalculture.Thereforetheyarethedirectorindirectreflectionofnationalculture.(HuWenzhong,1999:64)Lotsofculture-loadedwordsconveyspecialculture.Theyonlyexistinaspecificsocialorecologicalsetting,sowecansaythattheydirectlyreflectthecultureofanethnicgroup.Forexample,thetermssuchas“步步惊心”canonlybefoundinChineseculture.Thesecondisthattheyarefullofculturalconnotationsorassociativereflection.Someculture-loadedwordsarefullofabundantculturalconnotations.Let'stake“五行”asanexamples.InChinese,“五行”includesmetal,wood,water,fireandearth.Butitistranslatedintofive-elementsorfive-phases.Sincethesewordscarryrichconnotations,literaltranslationwillgiverisetoculturelosses.Thethirdisthatitisdifficultandevenimpossibletofindequivalentsinothercultures.Culture-loadedwordsarecloselyrelatedtotheculturalbackgroundofthosespeakingthe4language,andrepresenttheconceptsofthosethingsproducedfromthatspecialculture,soitisdifficulttofindthecompleteequivalents.Forexample,“甄嬛传”istranslatedinto“EmpressesinthePalace”.WhenChineseseethename“甄嬛传”,theyallknowthatthisteleplaystressesthewomanwhosenameis甄嬛andherentirelifeinthepalace.WhileinAmerica,theytranslateitinto“EmpressesinthePalace”.ThistranslationshowsthatthisTVplaytellsthelifeexperiencesofalltheempressinthepalace,ratherthan“甄嬛”only.ItismainlybecauseAmericansdonotpraisehighlyindividualism.2.3PrinciplestoTranslateCulture-loadedWords

ThefirstprincipleisaboutthespreadingofChineseculture,whichdependsonwhetherthetranslatorcankeeptheuniquenessofsourcelanguage.Undertheguidanceofthetranslationprinciple,thetranslatorsshouldunderstandculture-loadedwordsasaccuratelyaspossible,andfindthecorrespondingwordsintargetlanguage.Onlyinthiswaycanthereadersdeeplyunderstandthecultureconnotationofthesourcelanguage,andfeeltheculturecharmofthesourcelanguage.Thesecondaryprincipleisaboutreaderacceptance,whichisthemostimportantfactortobeconsideredinthetargetlanguage.Onlywhentranslatorshavetochoosethewordsandphraseswhicharefamiliartothetargetlanguagereader,canthereadersunderstandthesourcelanguageeasilyandprecisely3.0StudiesoftheTranslationofHuangdiNeijing

TheEnglishtranslationofHuangdiNeijingbeganin1925andtherehavebeentwelveofficiallypublishedEnglishversions.Everyversionhasitsadvantagesanddisadvantages.Inbrief,thetranslationpurposesvaryindifferenthistoricalperiodsintheprocessoftranslatingthisclassic.Itstranslationmainlyundergoesthreestages.Inthefirststage,theprimarypurposeistohelpwesternerstounderstandtheoutlineofNeijing.Inthesecondstage,thechiefpurposeistospreadtheknowledgeoftraditionalChinesemedicine.Inthethirdstage,itaimsatcomprehensivelypresentingthevalueofthisgreatwork.TheworksbyLiZhaoguoandbyIlzaVeitharerepresentativesversions.3.1ComparisonBetweentheVersionsbyLiZhaoguoandThatbyIlzaVeith

5Sincetherearedifferentversionsbeingproducedtogowiththetideofhistoricaldevelopment,itisnecessarytoconductresearchonthesetranslations.Andinthisthesis,LiZhaoguo’sversionistakenastheobjectiveofstudy.Histranslationissignificant,anditisthefirstcompleteversiongivenbyourmainlandscholarandisincludedinLibraryofChineseClassics.However,IlzaVeith’sversionisalsowidelyrecognizedforitsbeautifulwordsandfluentsentences.Inordertocomparethedifferentversionsbythesetwotranslator,let’scarefullycheckthefollowingexamples.Example1:原文:岐伯曰：春胜兰夏，兰夏胜冬，冬胜夏，夏胜秋，秋胜春，所谓得五行时之胜，各以气命其。(六节藏象论九）语译：春胜长夏(木克土)，长夏胜冬(土克水)，冬胜夏(水克火)，夏胜秋(火克金)，秋胜春(金克木)，这是四时五行之气以时相胜的情况，而四时五行之气对人的五脏又发生影响。Mr.Li:Qiboanswered,“Springsdominatesoverlatersummer,latersummerdominatesoverwinter,winterdominatesoversummer,summerdominatesoverautumnandautumndominatesoverspring.ThesearetheSheng(domination)oftheWuxing(fiveelements)indifferentseasonsandafterwhichthefiveinternalorgansarenamed.”Veith:Qiboanswered,“Springscounteractsthelongsummer,thelongsummercounteractswinter,wintercounteractssummer,summercounteractsfall,fallcounteractsspring.Thisiscalledtheeffectofthecounteractionofthefiveelementsandtheirrespectiveseasons.”(ZhangXuan，2009：38)“长夏”referstothetimelastingfromthebeginningofautumntotheequinox.Inordertodealwithit,Mr.Liusestheannotationstoexplainwhatthepinyinmeans.Heunderstandsthemeaningpreciselyaccordingtothecontextandknowsthe“latesummer”isasolarterm.Thephrase“longsummer”impliesthattheremaybea“shortsummer”inoneyear.Therefore,translatorshouldmastersomecultureknowledgetoavoidliteraltranslationinawrongway.Example2:原文:帝日人年老而无子者,材力尽耶？将天数然也。(上古天真论一)语译:黄帝道人到了老年,就不会再生育子女,是精力不够呢还是由于天赋限度的缘故。Mr.Li:Huangdiasked,“oldpeoplecannotgivebirthtoanychildren,isitduetotheexhaustionofEssentialQiorthenaturaldevelopmentofthebody?”6Veith:TheEmperorasked,“whenpeoplegrowoldthentheycannotgivebirthtochildren,isitbecausetheyhaveexhaustedtheirstrengthindepravityorisitbecauseofnaturalfate?”(ZhangXuan,2009:27)Asfor“天数”here,ZhangJiebinpointsoutthatisthelawofthenaturaldevelopmentoflife.Bothtranslatorshereadoptthemethodoffreetranslation.ButMr.Liunderstandsitaccordingtothecontextandandtranslateitinsdetailedway.However,Veithdirectlytranslatesitintonaturalfatewithoutunderstandingthemeaningofsourcesentence.Peoplemaynotunderstandwhatnaturalfatemeans.Example3:原文:“丈夫八岁肾气实，发长齿更。”（上古天真论篇第一）语译:男子到了八岁，肾气开始充实，毛发长，牙齿更换。Mr.Li:Foraman,attheageofeight,hisshenqi(kidneyqi)becomesprosperousandhisteethbeginstochange.Veith:Whenaboyiseightyearsold,theemanationofhistestes(kidneys)arefullydeveloped,andhishairgrowslongerandhebeginstochangehisteeth.Theoriginalmeaningof“丈夫”is“men”.Butitsmodernmeaningis“husband”.Aboyhereistoonarrowalthoughamanwhoisateightcanbesaidaboy.IfthetranslatorknowlittleaboutancientChineseandtraditionalculture,hewillmisunderstandthemeaningofthisword.Therefore,learningthecultureofanationismoreimportantthanjustlearningitslanguage.Example4:原文:二七而天癸至（女子)，二八肾气盛，天癸至（男子）。（上古天真论一）Veith:whenshereachesherfourteenthyears,shebeginstomenstruate.Whenheissixteenyearsofage,theemanationsofhistesticlesbecomeabundantandhebeginstosecretsemen.“天癸”ItisauniquephysiologicaltermrelatedtotraditionalChineseMedicine.“天”referstotheinnateand“癸”referstothemenstruation.“天癸”isakindofinnateandrawmaterialinthekidney,whichpromotesthereproductivefunction.Thiswordreflectsourancestors'understandingabouttheappearanceandthedeclineofreproductivefunctionofmaleandfemale.InEnglishitisacompletesenseof“culturalblanks”.Veithtranslate“天癸”intomenstruationorsemen.WhileMr.Liadoptspinyin“Tiangui”totranslate“天癸”inhiswork.(ZhangXuan,2009:37)3.2AnanalysisoftheCharacteristicsofTwoTranslationVersions

7Li’sversionandVeith’sversionbothadopttransliterationandliteraltranslationfrequently.,whichshowsthattheyhavecommontranslationstrategies.Buttheyhavedifferentideasontranslatingasameculture-loadedword.Mr.Lithinksthattranslatorscan’tcasuallymakeadecisiononthedifficultcomprehensionparts.Theycan’taddpersonalthoughtandideasintothesourcetext.Iftheyaddtheirideas,whichwilldestroythemeaningofthesourcetext.(LiZhanguo,LiXiangming,2007：5)Sohethinkstranslatorsshouldremainthestructureofsourcetextandavoidaddingextrawords.ThereexistmanyancientChineseandcontroversialwordsinHuangdiNeijing.ThemainideaofLiZhaoguo'stranslationistokeeptheoriginalinformationtothemaximumextent.Therearesevenbasicmethodswhichcanbeadoptedtotranslatetheculture-loadedwords,includingliteraltranslation,non-translation,alternativetranslation,freetranslation,transliteration,amplificationandabridgement.Thisarticlemainlydiscussestransliteration,alternativetranslation,non-translationandannotation.ThegreatestadvantageofLi’sversionisthatheaccuratelyconveystheoriginalinformationandkeeptheculturalinformationofsourcelanguage.Mostoftheculturalcharacteristicsofthetermcanberetained.Whereas.hisdisadvantageliesinthefactthatMr.Liadoptsamultitudeoftransliterationtotranslatethosewords.(Leiyan,2008)Forinstance,thename“歧伯”and“雷公”,Mr.Lidirectlytranslateinto“QiBo”and“LeiGong”.Whichcausesoveradoptionpinyinandinfluencereaders’interest.Veith’saimistointroducesuchanancientChinesebooktothewesternworld.ShepointedthatintroducingthecontentofHuangdiNeijingismoreimportantthanresearcheverywords.(IlzaVeith,2002)ShemainlyusedsixmethodstotranslateHuangdiNeijing,includingliteraltranslation,varioustranslation,freetranslation,transliteration,amplificationandabridgement.Literaltranslationandfreetranslationarethemostimportantmethods.ThegreatestadvantageofVeith’sversionisthatherversionisfullofbeautifullanguage,whichpresentsvariousvocabularyandmakesthetranslationwellreadable.ButthemostobviousdisadvantageitthattherearealotoferrorsinthetranslationduetothelackofknowledgeofTCMandtraditionalChineseculture.4.0MethodstoTranslateCulture-loadedWordsTranslationinHuangdiNeijing

84.1TransliterationwithExplanation

ThetranslationoftraditionalChinesemedicineshouldaimtospreadourtraditionalChinesemedicinetotheworld.Thetranslationshouldfullyexpressthemeaningofthoseculture-loadedwordswhichcancorrespondtonoequivalenceinEnglish.Ifatranslatorwantstocompletelyexpressthesourcetext,transliterationwithnotesisprobablythebestchoice.NotonlycanitpreservetheessenceofChinesemedicineandculturalconnotation,butalsokeepstheconsistencyofentiretranslation.Let’scheckthefollowingexample.原文:上古之人,其知道者,法于矍卫旦,和于术数。（上古天真论一）语译:上古时代的人,大都懂得养生的道理,效法于天地阴阳的自然变化,调和于术数。Mr.Li：ThesagesinancienttimeswhoknewtheDao(thetenetsforcultivatinghealth)followedtherulesofYinandYangandadjustedShushu(thewaystocultivatinghealth).Veith：InancienttimesthosepeoplewhounderstandTao(thewayofselfcultivation)patternedthemselvesupontheYinandYang(thetwoprinciplesinnature)andtheylivedinharmonywithartsofdivination.Theybothwildlyadoptexplanatorytranslationsoastomakereadersunderstanditmuchmoreeasily.Transliterationwithexplanationisamethodtotranslatebyaddingsomeexplanatoryphasesandsentencesintermofthedifferenceoftwolanguagesintheirlanguagehabitandwaysofexpression.Itaimstohelptheconfusedreaderstocompletelyunderstandthetranslation.Transliterationwithexplanationcanachieveabettertranslationandachievethegoalofinter-culturalcommunication.(Shiyunzhong,MaJiming,2002:2)4.2FlexibleUseofAnnotation

Veith’sversionusedavarietyofannotationmethodsintranslation,enrichingthetranslationandincreasingtheaccuracyofthetranslation.Twoofmethodsarethemostworthyofourstudy.Oneisthemethodoftranslatingwordsandquotationmarks.TheotheristhemethodwiththeChineseNotes.BecauseoftheparticularityofthelanguageoftraditionalChineseMedicine,itisdifficulttousesometermsevenexhaustedallthetranslationstrategiestoexpressthemeaningcompletelyandclearly.Atthismoment,translatorscanuseChinesenotestofacilitatereadingandfurtherresearch.Forinstance,“乃问于天师曰”.Veith’stranslatesthat“theYellowEmperoronceaddressedTianShi,thedivinelyinspiredteacher.”Veithpoints“天师”thistitlewhenappliedto9formalTaoismmeans“MasterofHeaven”anddenotesthehighestrankintheTaoisthierarchy.Veith’sversionadoptsfootnotestoaddbackgroundknowledge.Theaimistointroducetheculturalconceptoveralltoreaders.LiZhaoguodoesaverydetailedexplanationabout“YellowEmperor”standingforChinesecultureinthenotes.ButVeithignores.ShedoesexplanationforTianshi.Whichmeansthattheyhavedifferentideasontheunderstandingofsourcetext.4.3AlternativeTranslation

Varioustranslationisalsocalledadaptationtranslation.Duetothedifferentunderstandingofthesourcetextortranslationneeds,sometimesthetranslationdoesnotfullycomplywiththeoriginaltext.Butitwillcausesuperficialchangesintheprocessoftranslation.原文:逆其根,则伐其本,坏其皇矣。故阴阳四时者,万物之终始也,死生之本也。(四气调神大论二)语译:假使违背了它,生命的根本就要收到伤伐,真气也就败坏了。因此说,阴阳四时的变化,是万物生长、衰老、死亡的根本。Mr.Li:TheviolationofthoserootsmeansdestructionofBenandimpairmentofthebody,thusthechangeofYinandYanginthefourseasonareresponsibleforthegrowth,declineanddeathofallthings.“Qi”isthegenuineQiofthehumanbody,itisasymboloflifedecline.Thetranslatortranslates“真气”into“thebody”,whichdosenotaffectthesemanticcommunicationandiseasierunderstoodbyreaders,avoidingoverabstraction.4.4Non-translation

Non-translationistodeletethevocabularyoftheoriginaltext.Donottranslatethevocabulary.Non-translationinHuangdiNeijingtranslationcontainsthreesituations.Firstofall,theoriginalwordsarerepeatedinthebookanddonotneedtoappearagain.Secondly,itistosatisfytherhythmneedoftranslationwithoutimpactingontheexpressionofthewholemeaningoftheoriginaltext.Thirdly,theinterpretationofthesourcetextistoomuchcontroversy,avoidingtranslation.原文:故圣人传精神，服天气，而通神明。（上古天真论一）语译:所以圣人能够精神专一，适应天气，而通达于神明。Mr.Li:Thesagesoftenconcentratetheirmindontheadaptiontothechangesoftheseasons,sotheycancloselyfollowTianqichangesofYinandYang.10Here“神明”isexplainedbythediversityoftheYinandYangchange.“通”translatesunion,whichreferstounifythebody’sYinandYangandthenaturalYinandYangchanges.SoMr.Liavoidsthetranslationof“通神明”.5.0Conclusion

ThispaperusesthemethodoftranslationcriticismtocompareandanalyzetwotranslationversionsbyMr.LiandbyVeith.Theycouldadoptsameordifferentmethodstotranslatesomesentencesorwords.Inthispaper,theauthorsetsmanyexamplesofthetranslationofculture-loadedwords.Basedontheaboveexploration,theauthorclassifiedstrategiestotranslateculture-loadedwordsintofourtypes,namelytransliterationwithexplanation,flexibleuseofannotation,alternativetranslation,non-translation.Afteranalyzingeachstrategywithspecificexamples,theauthorfindsthatdifferentculture-loadedwordsshouldbetranslatedwithdifferentstrategies,andeachstrategyischosenbasedonthetranslator'scomprehensivelyunderstandingthesourcelanguageandfullyconsideringTLreaders'cognitiveabilityandenvironment.Take“黄帝”asanexample,Mr.LitranslatesHuangdi,emphasizingontheChineseculture,VeithtranslatesintoYellowEmperor,emphasizingontheword“黄”,othersthinkEmperorisbetter,emphasizingonthe“帝”.Itisobviousthatonlythechooseofsuitablemethodstotranslateculture-loadedwordsandfullyunderstandsourcetextcanmakesurethattheculturalconnotationcanberetainedwithoutanyloss.Inregardtoculture-loadedwords,theauthorconcludesthatwiththeincreasingfrequentculturalcommunication,graduallyreducedculturaldifferenceandtheTLreader’sgreatlyexpandedhorizon,thetranslatorshouldbelievethatTLreaderscancomprehendthoseuniqueChinesewordswithprofoundculturalconnotationmoreeasilyandfully.11Bibliography

[1]Bassnett,S.&Lefevere,A.ConstructingCulture:EssaysonLiteraryTranslation[M].Shanghai:ForeignLanguageEducationPress,1990.[2]Baker,M.InOtherWords:aCoursebookonTranslation[M].Beiing:ForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPress,2000.[3]BassnettSusan,ConstructingCulture—EssaysonLiteraryTranslation[M].Shanghai:ShanghaiForeignLanguageEducationPress,2001:78.[4]Bassnett,S.&Lefevere,A.ConstructingCulture:EssaysonLiteraryTranslation[M].Shanghai:ForeignLanguageEducationPress,1990.[5]Baker,M.InOtherWords:aCoursebookonTranslation[M].Beiing:ForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchPress,2000.[6][7]Edward.BurnettTylor,PrimitiveCulture[M].1871:1.IlzaVeith,TheYellowEmperor’sClassicofInternalMedicine[M].California;UniversityofCaliforniaPress,2002.[8]Nida,E.A.&TaberC.R.ThetheoryandPracticeofTranslation[M].Shanghai:ForeignLanguageEducationPress,2004.[9]NidaEugeneA.LanguageandCulture:ContextsinTranslating[M].Shanghai:ShanghaiForeignLanguageEducationPress,2001:65.[10][11][12][13][14]NewmarkPeter.ApproachestoTransaltion[M].Shanghai:ShanghaiForeignLanguageEducationPress,2001.Nida,E.A.TowardaScienceofTranslating[M].BrillAcademicPublishers,2003.Nida,EugeneA.,Language,Culture,andTranslating[M].Shanghai:shanghaiforeignlanguageeducationpress.包惠南、包昂.中国文化与汉英翻译[M]北京:外文出版社,2004.高长江.文化语言学[M]辽宁:辽宁文化出版社,1992.[15]胡文仲.跨文化交际学概论[M].北京外语教学与研究出版社,1999.[16]雷燕、施蕴中.译者主体性对《黄帝内经素问》译文的影响[C].江西:江西中医学院学报,2007:19(6):84-86[17]李照国.定静安虑2006:(1):63-66.[18]李照国.《黄帝内经》的修辞特点及其英译研究[C].中国翻译,2011:(5):69-73.[19]廖七一.当代西方翻译理论探索[M].南京:译林出版社,2002．(10)941-944.[21]施蕴中、马冀明.《黄帝内经》首部英译本述评[C].上海:上海科技翻译,2002:(2):46-49.12而后有得《黄帝内经》英语翻译随想[C].上海:上海翻译,[20]张璇、施蕴中.《黄帝内经》常用文化负载词英译[C].中国中西医结合杂志,2008:28[22]张璇.《黄帝内经》文化负载词英译研究.硕士学位论文[D].南京:南京中医药大学,2009:613学位论文作者声明

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