听力入门step by step 2000第二册答案

A. 1. What kind of student comes to Oxford? The answer to this is, there is \"Oxford Type.\" Common qualities they look for are commitment, enthusiasm and motivation for your chosen area of study backed by a strong academic record.

2. The University of Cambridge is one of the oldest universities in the world, and one of the largest in the United Kingdom. It has a worldwide reputation for outstanding academic achievement and the high quality of research undertaken in a wide range of science and arts subjects.

3. The University of Sydney was the first to be established in Australia and, after almost 150 years of proud achievement, still leads in innovation and quality. The University excels in sport and social activities, debating, drama, music and much more.

4. Known for excellence in teaching, research, and service to the community, the university of Victoria serves approxi-mately 17,000 students. It is favored by its location on canada' s spectacular west coast, in the capital of British Columbia.

5. New Zealand' s largest university, the University of Auckland, was established in 1833, and has grown into an international center of learning and academic excellence. The University is situated in the heart of the cosmopolitan city of Auckland and provides an exciting and stimulating environment for 26,000 students. 6. Founded in 1636 Harvard has a 380-acre urban campus with easy access to Boston. It has a total enrollment of about 18,500 students. This university comprises many different schools such as the Faculty of Arts and Sciences, School of business Administration and School of Education.

7. Columbia University is an independent coeducational universi-ty, which awards master' s, doctoral, professional, and other advanced degrees, with an enrollment of about 20,000 grade-ate and professional

- 1 -

students.

8. Boston University is located along the banks of the Charles River. With more than 30,000 students from all over the United States and 135 countries, it is the third largest inde-pendent university in the United States.

BAmerican universities have been offering classes online through computers for a number of years. Now, some newly created colleges are offering academic degrees online. One uni-versity offers both bachelor' s degrees and master' s degrees. Offi-cials say they try to provide students with a social experience as well as an educational one. For example, in some programs, groups of the same six students progress through all their classes together. They communicate by computer. Another online school uses a problem-solving method of teaching. Students attempt to solve real problems in their classes online instead of reading information. Students who have a taken online classes say they like them because they do not have to travel to a building at a set time to listen to a professor. Professors say they have better communica-tion with students through eimail notes than they do in many tra-ditional classes.

1-2

- 2 -

B.

Primary school entering age Secondary school entering age 11 junior high: Permissible age to leave school 16 Britain 5 The United States 6 11 senior high:14 intermediate school: 16 Australia 5 11 high school: 12/13 6 about 13 16 Canada 16 C. 1. GCSE examinations 2. Students/ higher education

3. student/ second year/high school/college 4. General exam/ School Certificate 5. Sitting University Entrance Examination

6. Bachelor' s degree: 3/4 years Master' s degree: another year or two Doctorate: a further 3_- 7 years

1-3

A. 1. Education has acquired a kind of snob value in modern times.

2. Nowadays if we want to get a decent job, we have to have a piece of paper.

3. If we want to get promotion in even a humblest job, we have to obtain a certificate or a diploma first.

- 3 -

4. Experience and practical skills are regarded as relatively unim-portant.

5. \"Johnson would' ve been a manager by now if he' d taken the trouble to get a degree.\" 6. \"He' s a clever man, he could' ve done anything if he' d had a proper eductation.\"

7. Would it not be better to allow people to become expert in a way most suited to them rather than oblige them to follow a set course of instruction, which may offer no opportunity for them to develop skills in which they would' ve become expert if left to themselves?

B. Major viewpoints Supporting ideas and facts Statement Numbers: 1,4,7 Statement Numbers: 2,3,4,6

1-4 Thinking ahead of the speaker - Anticipation Helps

Listening is an extremely complex communicative activity. In his book Principles and Implications of cognitive Psychology, Nasser defines listening as a \"temporally ex-tened activity\" in which the listener

\"continuously develops more or less specific readiness for what will come next.\" In other words, an effective listener is constantly setting up hy-pothesis in his mind, and also, he is constantly testing his hypothesis by matching it with what he has heard in rality.

If he hears what he has expected, he receives the informal- ton. But if what he hears is totally out of his expectation, he fails to get the meassge.The skill to anticipate what is coming in listening com-prehension depends largely on the listener' s familiarity with the theme of the message. It also depends on the listener' s knowledge of the speaker as well as the setting.

Obviously, when we listen to something that we already have some information about, it is generally a lot easier for us to take in the new information. Therefore, pre-listening preparation seems to have a big role to

- 4 -

play in enhancing listening comprehension. Before actual listening, we could perhaps first give some thought to the topic, discuss it with others, read some related materials and do some vocabulary work. If we could make ourselves fully orientated for the forthcoming talks or lectures, we are moa likely to become effective listeners.

Of course, readiness beforehand is not at all enough. Active thinking must take place all the way through. In fact, we should always try to think ahead of the speaker. The ability to anticipate helps us in logical and intelligent guesswork. It does not only enable us a to know generally what a person is going to talk about in a certain situation, but also, interestingly enough, sometimes even exactly what a person' s next utterance is going to be in a discussion?

2-1

A. 1. There are more than 2,700 languages in the world. In addi-tion, there are more than 7,000 dialects. A dialect is a region- al variety of a language that has a different pronunciation, vocabulary, or meaning. 2. The language in which a government conducts business is the official language of that country. 3. One billion people speak English. That' s 20 percent of the world' s population.

4. Four hundred million people speak English as their first lan-guage. For the other 600 million it' s either a second language or a foreign language.

5. There are more than 500,000 words in the Oxford dictionary. Eighty percent of all English vocabulary comes from other languages.

6. Eighty percent of all information in the world' s computers is in English.

7. Somalia is the only African country in which the entire popu-lation speaks the same language, Somali. 8. More than 1,000 different languages are spoken on the conti-nent of Africa.

- 5 -

9. When the American spaceship Voyage began its journey in 1977,it carried a gold disc. On the disc, there were mes-sages in 55 languages. Before all of them, there was a mes-sage from the Secretary General of the United Nations in English.

B. 1. learning styles: different ways of learning that different people have 2. hearing learners: people who learn best by listening

3. visual learners: people who learn best by reading or looking at pictures 4. tactile learners: people who learn best by touching and doing things C. 1- a 2 c 3 d 4 b

2-2 B

- 6 -

● Passive◇ not speaking up ● Not afraid to make much◇ rarely asking the teacher why this and why not something else◇ relying entirely on the teacher◇ just accepting what the teacher gives him and doing nothing more with it● Unwilling tostick his mistakes◇ interested in the mistakes he makes and having them corrected● Eager to experiment with ev-ery new thing◇ trying to use something new◇ playing with the language ◇ testing himself● Doing more of his own bat● Working outside neck out ◇ afraid to make mistakes● Invariably deciding the other person is more likely to be right than himself ◇ not too sure abut the test the class-room◇ reading books

2-3

A. Things that make English difficult to learn

Hodgepodge Idioms in informal English Largest vocabulary

Cermanic French Greek & Latin Anglo-Saxon French

Irregularity in

spelling & Pronunciation

- 7 -

B. (F) 1. The English language is a mixture of different languages, This feature has nothing good but only to make it more difficult to learn.

(T) 2. According to the speaker, some words from the French have more prestige than those from the Old English al- though they mean the same thing.

(F) 3. Canadian English is close to American English in some words and idioms. But the spelling and pronunciation reflect British usage.

3-1

A. 1. Position: cook Qualifications: good and dependable experience work on weekends way of contact: call 2359739

2. Position: English and math teachers

Qualifications:a bachelor degree teaching certificate

Way of contact: resume to Wales Charter School,19 Snow Road, NYC 3. Position: Marketing Communication supervisor

Qualifications:a bachelor degree in Business Administration good PC and presentation skills Way of contact: resume to MTP, P.O. Box 354, Syracuse, NY 16493 4. Position: Area Sales Manager

Offers to employees: professional carreers and extensive training Qualifications: professional carres and extensive training

Qualifications:dynamic, hardworking and initiated quick learner

interested in working in a challenging environment mobile and able to travel extensively

way of contact: detailed resume with expected salary and recent photo to Martin Apparel, 385 Rockledge Street, Syracuse. NY 15835

5. Position: Buyer Offers to employees: competitive salary and benefits package

- 8 -

excellent career development opportunities

Qualifications:A bachelor degree in business or engineering 2-3 Years relevant working experience good command of English good communication and interpersonal skills ability to work in teams

Way of contact: resume with recent photo, contact phone number and a copy of diploma to 943 West Avenue, Syracuse, NY 18640 6. Position: Accountant

Qualifications:a university degree in accounting or auditing strong computer skills

a minimum of 3 years experience with trading companies Way of contact: resume with education certificate, ID card copy and photo to 404, South 7th Street, NYC

B. Looking for a career change? A decade ago, who would have guessed that web designer would be one of the hottest jobs of 2000? Do you have any idea what will be the other six hottest jobs in the 21st century? Here are some suggestions: 1. Tissue engineers

With man-made skin already on the market, 25 years from now scientists expect to be culturing growing organs in test tubes. Or trying, anyway. 2. Genetic programmers

After scanning your DNA for defects, doctors will use gene therapy and mart molecules to cure diseases, including certain cancers.

2. Pharmers/ Pharmacologic farmers

- 9 -

After scanning your DNA for defects, doctors will use gene therapy and mart molecules to cure diseases, including certain cancers.

3. Pharmers/ Pharmacologic farmers

New-age farms will raise crops and livestock that have been genetically engineered to produce therapeutic proteins. Works in progress include a vaccine-carrying tomato and drug-laden milk from cows, sheep and goats.

4. Genetically-modified food monitors

Not sure what for dinner? With a little genetic fiddling, fast-growing fish and freeze-resistant fruits will help feed an overpopulated planet 5. Hot-line handymen

Still daunted by the though of reprogramming your video cassette recorder (VCR), let alone your digital versatile disc (DVD)? Just wait until your 3-D holographic TV won power up or your talking toaster starts giving abouse. Remote diagnostics will take care of most of your home electronice, but a few repair-men will still make house calls via video phone. 6. Narrow casters

Today broadcasting industry will become increasingly per-sonalized. Working together, media and advertisers will create content just for you. Ambient commercials will also hijack your attention by using tastes and smells.

3-2

- 10 -

B. 1. All of the managers and painters who work for Student Paint- ers are ____. a. professional painters b. full-time college students c. local high school students.

2. Mark Laratonda is ______.a. a manager for Student Painters b. the owner of Student Painters c. a customer of Student Painters 3. People who work for Student Painters are _____.

a. earning college credit b. earning money for college tuition and expenses c. working for their parents 4. The goal of Student Painters is to _____. a. give students a chance to experience the real business world

b. teach students how to paint. c. provide travel opportunities for students

C. 1. (F) 2. (T) 3. (F) 4. (F)5. (F) 6. (T) 7. (F)

D. Mark Laratonda' s responsibilities at Student painters

1. hiring painters 2. doing advertising3. providing equipment4. taking care of payroll 5. writing contract6. doing final inspection with customer

3-3

B.

affect / future course of life / affect/ future course of life/ 1 determine/ friends/ husband or wife/ where you live/ recreational activiaties/ other as-pects 2 weak points/ strong ones/ what kind/ you want to be - 11 -

3 what/ other people/ important and challenging/ talk to peo-ple/ watch/ at work satisfaction/ not just start/ years to come/ importance 4 of education/ promotion/ preference/ educated persons experience/ benefit/ help/ think about/ stimulate/ really 5 want to do/ offer suggestions/ take advantage of/qualities and qualifications 6 read about/ study/ over and over again 3-4 You Just Can' t Remember So Much!- Learn to Select, Learn to Simplify

At a certain stage of English listening, some students may report a kind of unpleasant or even frustratin experi- ence. They say that while listening, they seem to understand everything that they hear, but as soon as the voice stops, all is gone! They say that they just can' t remember what they heard, not to mention writing down or speaking out. What causes this problem? Is it also your complaint? Let us try to discuss the matter from two perspectives.

First, knowing some difference between comprehend- sion and production is important. When we learn a new lan- guage, we usually pass through at least three communication stages, namely, the one-way stage, the partial two-way stage and the full two-way stage. Obviously, there' s the gap in between. Just as Brown and Terrell point out in their books on language learning and language teaching, \"The in-ability to produce an item should not be taken to mean that the learner cannot comprehend it.\" Therefore, if we

- 12 -

can comprehend what is being said to us, we have achieved the first goal. That' s quite encouraging! Secondly, of course, we' ll have to move on. And we must be aware of some possible traps on our way to effective listening. When we listen, are we paying equal attention to every element in each utterance? Are we attempting to memorize and repeat and write down all the details in a pas-sage? If so, we need to think for a while. Human memory can retain only a limited amount of information at a time. Therefore, only by learning to select and simplify can we possibly absorb what is really important and then remember what is the most essential. In fact, when we listen, we use- ally listen with a purpose. Although it is sometimes necessa-ry to get detailed and specific information on the subject, it is, more often than not, quite enough for us to grasp the key words and the main points. Furthermore, in the course of listening, if we are capable of automatically turning the complicated sentences structures into simple ones, interroga-tive into affirmative, or passive into active, our brain will certainly do a much smarter job in helping our memory.

4-1 No one sets out in life to fail. The reality is that many do. Why do some prosper while others struggle just to exist? There is no simple answer to that question but here are a few thoughts that might shed some light onto this very complex issue. 1. The future is in your imagination

Humans are blessed with the ability to think into the future. We can use our imagination to see possibilities. Use this unique gift in a positive way. Build a vision of what you want to be, have or do. It is the starting point of all successful activities.

- 13 -

2. To win, you must expect to win

Once we imagine our future, we must wrap that vision with a belief system that encourages us to fulfill the vision.

3. We are surrounded by opportunity

As we move through time, opportunities are abound. All we have to do is recognize them and reach out to grab them. Cap- Turing opportunity demands risk. Are you a risk taker? 4. Like what you do or do something else

Low achievers usually don' t like to work or don' t like the work they are doing. Those who don' t want to work will never prosper. For those who work, it is critically important that their work be a joyful experience. Match your skills to your job re-quirements. The closer the match, the more enjoyable the expe-rience. 5. Your success depends on other people

No man is an island. We must interact with and receive the support of others. Build a network of friends. Get to know peo- ple of achievement. Listen to their words, watch their actions and apply what works for you. 6. Everyone can succeed

We are all born with enough abilities to experience success. Our task is to discover and develop those abilities. Nothing comes easily. Success demands hard work. Are you willing to work that hard?4-2

- 14 -

A.

Speaker 1 mum excellenty bringing up 3 children ● overcoming physical difficulty of arthritis not allowing the difficulty to hold her back Working her way up to be a headmistress ● getting an enormous amount of energysomeone with physical Speaker 2 disabilities Speaker 3 mable Davies, a deaf lady Speaker 4 Kenneth Branagh, an actor ● a very good self-publicist B. 1. (F) 2. (T) 3. (F) 4. (F)

4-3

A. Gordon Parks is an artist who has many skills such as taking photos, writing books, composing music and directing movies. However, he is best known for his work with a camera. He saw the camera as a means of expression and communication.

Gordon Parks was born into a poor famil in 1912. After his mother died when he was only 16, he worked several low-paying jobs to support himself. He because interested in photography at the age of 25. He thought photography could express how diffi-cult it was to be poor. B.

When in 1941 in 1948 in 1950 Relevant information taking pictures of the poor living conditions in Chicago Working as a photographer for Life magazine moving to Paris as a European photographer for Life - 15 -

in 1956 in 1961 by the 1960s in 1963 traveling to the southern U.S. to photograph racial in- justice working on a project about the rich and poor in Brazil one of the most influential photographers of his time finishing a book about growing up in Kansas still writing poetry, composing music and making pho-at the age of 85 tographs 5-1

Extremely Very Sort of Not very Not at all Aggressive Selfish √ √ Kind √ Patient √ Jealous √

Ambitious Helpful Honest George √ Karen √ √ Pam - 16 -

Proud Selfish Unreliable √ √ √ C.

Interviewee 1 Name: Mr. Fisher Job: Interviewee 2 Name: Miss Burnes Job: school teacher Views on the issue:● supporting details: enjoy whatever do (even if salary low)/ work most important/ mental satisfaction/ role in societyaccountant Views on the issue:● supporting details: means to an end/ family man/ enough money/ happy● conclusion: work to live ● conclusion: Live to work 5-2

Experiment Report Project: the development of self-esteem Subjects: Subjects: young boys Procedure:

1. testing (what?): Measure the boys’ abilities and how they felt about their own abilities

2. dividing (how?): three groups those with high self- esteem/ middle self-esteem/ low self-esteem 3. follow-up study (where and when?): In all situations at home/ at work/ in school/ with friends

- 17 -

Observations: the behavior of the boys

1. boys with high self-esteem: active/ able to express ideas/ successful in school and in relations with other people/ cre- ative/ led in discussions/ interested in world problems/ sel-dom tired or sick

2. boys with middle self-esteem: like the boys with high self- esteem/ express ideas freely/ saw the world as a good and happy place/ not sure of their own value

3. boys with low self-esteem: sad most time/ afraid to start activities/ felt no love/ couldn' t express ideas/ afraid of anger/ no talk in discussion Findings:

1. Three groups of boys act differently.

2. High self-esteem does not depend on physical appearance/ money/ size of family/ how much the mother at home but it depends on close relationship between the boys and the parents.

5-3

A.

Figures 81% 78% 87% 100% Relevant information the percentage of cooking done by working women the percentage of cleaning done by working women the percentage of purchasing done by working women The percentage of housework done by single mothers B. 1. The employees & the company

2. a. working part-time b. two workers sharing one job

- 18 -

c. setting the hours and days they workd. working from home by using computers

3. a. making the best use of personal and family timeb. building trusting relationships at work c. asking supervisors and family members for helpd. learning to make compromises in their lives.

6-1

A.

Advice drinking tea no smoking walking protecting health Why reducing risk of developing lung cancer good effect on heart large amounts of some vitamins may cause health problems good for health ● releasing chemical that islife-enhancing no extremely large amounts of some vitamins Getting vitamins form fresh,natural food laughter and life-elongating● healing wounds● promoting a healthier being B.

Men Women Abdomen pain; stomach sickness; feeling Reaction to a heart attack chest pain very tired; may not recognize they are having a heart attack - 19 -

Brain’s use of the chemical serotonin using serotonin much more effectively Using serotonin less effectively, suffering depression two or three times more often Higher alcohol levels in the blood breaking Alcohol’s effects lower alcohol levels in the blood down alcohol more slowly 6-2

B. The findings of a recent study:

Only 67% of Americans questioned wash their hands after using public restrooms.

American men are less likely than women to wash their hands after using a public restroom. The importance of hand washing:Reducing the spread of infectious diseases

Common infections spread by hand:Colds, influenza, throat and ear infections, food poisoning, cholera, hepatitis Measures taken to get more people to wash hands:

Launching a public information campaign The correct method of hand washing: Washing with soap and hot water for at least 15 seconds

6-3

AWhen most people are sad, they know the feeling is only temporary. But there are large numbers of people who stay sad for a long time. These people suffer from the common mental sickness known as depression.

Depression can affect anyone. Researchers say one out of ten persons in the world has the chance of developing a major de-pression at some time.

About 80 percent of the depressed patients can be helped with one of several drugs that have all been

- 20 -

found effective in treating depression. Doctors say, however, the drugs must be used very carefully. Depression also can be treated without drugs. Some doctors say that moderate activity four or five times a week can help treat minor depression. For example, running or walking rapidly for 30 minutes four times a week can improve mental as well as physical health. The traditional treatment for depression known as psycho-therapy calls for depressed people to spend an hour or more each week talking about their condition with doctors trained to treat mental problems. Discussion is supposed to help depressed people discover new ways of thinking and dealing with problems.

Public education is needed to help people better understand depression. B1

What kind of person Speaker 1 rarely get angry Speaker 2 Joyous, warm, loving person ● not suppress angerHow to deal with anger ● use excuse to vent anger on somebody● dump anger ● manifest anger in a sarcastic way B2

I. In Japan II. How to deal wit anger factory workers punching punch bags with pictures of their boss Removing oneself from the situation and just laughing at it

- 21 -

1. to come hat in hand: to beg

2. a handout: something you ask for/ not your own/ act of charity 3. high-handed: making you beg for something/ rightfully yours

4. to give with a glad and willing hand: not let the left hand know what the right hand is doing/ give freely without think-ing about it too much 5. hand over fist: quickly

its origin: the sea/ climbed ropes/ raised sails/ one hand on top of the other/ instead of/hand by hand/ hand over hand

6. hand in glove/ hand and glove (300 years ago): close/ closely

7. the handwriting on the wall: our time is about up/ a warning its origin: a mysterious hand/ four strange words/ wall/ palace room/ face disaster/ came true/ King Belshazzar/ defeated and killed in battle

7-1

A. 1-d 2-a 3-g 4-b 5-f 6-e 7-c

B. IOC stands for International Olympic Committee, which governs the Olympics in general. It was founded in Paris on 23 June 1894. Its headquarters are in the Swiss city of Lausanne. Its official languages are English and French. IOC members come from five different continents Africa, America, Asia, Europe and Oceania. They choose Olympic cities six years in advance.

All the Olympic movement rules are contained in a book called The Olympic Charter.

There an Olympic Museum and Studies Center in Lua- sane. It contains posters, documents, medls, books, photos, paintings, films and sculptures.

- 22 -

The International Olympic Academy is a special center at Olympia in Greece. People involved in sport go there every sum- mer to study the Olympic movement history, ideals and future.

C. Q1 First held/ Olympia/ Greece Q2 Apporx.2 weeks

Q3 1924/ since then/ same years/ Summer/ after 1992/ be-tween Q4 Five continents/ blue, black, red, yellow, green, white/ national flag.

Q5 Flame/ ancient Games/ modern Games/ 1928/ symbol/ per- fection & victory/ Olympia Q6 Yes/ no money/ only medals

Q7 Display/ host country/ flame lit/ flag raised/ Olympic oaths/ opened by monarch or political leader Q8 Faster, higher, stronger

7-2

A.

5 million 15,000 3,000 million 10.000 number of people expected to attend the Summer Games in Sydney number of reporters expected in the Games number of people expected to watch the Games on TV number of athletes competing in the Games 200 about 300 number of countries taking part in the Games number of events in the Games - 23 -

October lst 16 days October 18th29th 4,000 date when the Summer Games end duration of the Summer Games duration of the Paralympic Games number of athletes competing in the Paralympic Games B. 1. (T) 2. (F) 3. (T) 4. (F) 5. (T)

1. The Clark family is the first American family of which three members will compete in one Olympic race. 2. hazel Clark is the faster in the Clark family of runners. She has already won medals in earlier Olympic events.

3. Marla Runyan will be the first legally blind athlete in the Summer Olympic Games.

4. Marla Runyan will take part in the women' s long jump and 1,500 meter foot race at the Sydney Olympic Games.

5. Many disabled people are greatly encouraged by Marla reunion' s story.

7-3

A. Fighting against Drug Use Punishment for those using drugs: Before an event banned from the competition After winning an event losing the medal

Measurements taken by IOC to intensify the campaign:

Testing more Olympic athletes more often than ever Difficulty in finding the drugs: Drugs leaving the body in just a few hours

Increased urine production hiding the presence of banned drugs Examples or some banned drugs:

Anabolic steroids increasing muscle strength - 24 -

EPO (Erythropoietin) increasing the production of red blood cell ● building muscle size and strength● increasing Human growth hormone and others the production of red blood cells Possible dangers caused by banned drugs:• thickening the blood• causing an enlarged heart• damaging the reproductive system• causing death B.

Environmental goals achieved Building structures with materials that can be treated and used again Saving energy by increasing the use of solar power Using rainwater Usingbuses and modern train instead of cars Removing waste products 24 hours a day Reusing the waste material First environmentally friendly Games 8-1

Way of measurement by the number of people who pay to watch it played by professional teams By the number of people who watch games on American football Sport baseball - 25 -

televi-sion or listen on radio By the number of people who play the sport soccer B. 1.d 2.h 3.a 4.e 5.i 6.c 7.g 8.b 9.j 10.f

8-2

A. Section 1

1. a. in daily life: nice/ friendly/ warm/ affectionate b. after a football match: drunk/ a aggressive/ scream/ shout/ push people around/ smash glasses/ monsters

2. He finds it difficult to understand why normal, nice people behave so badly at football matches. Section 2 3. enjoy themselves/ no aggression or violence

Section 3 4. rugby/ tennis 5. They sit there silently throughout.

B. I am always amazed when I hear people saying that sport creates goodwill between the nations, and that if only the common peoples of the world could meet one another at football or cricket, they would have no

inclination to meet on the battlefield. Even if one didn' t know from concrete examples (the 1936 Olympic Games, for instance) that international sporting contests led to orgies of hatred, one could deduce it from general principles.Nearly all the sports practiced nowadays are competitive. You play to win, and the game has little meaning unless you do your utmost to win. On the village green, where you pick up sides and no feeling of local patriotism is involved, it is possible to play simply for the fun and exercise: but as soon as the ques- tion of prestige arises, as soon as you feel you and some larger unit will be disgraced if you lose, the most savage combative instincts are aroused. Anyone who has played even in a school football match knows this. At the international level, sport is frankly mimic warfare. But the significant thing is not the be- hind the spectators, of the

- 26 -

nations who work themselves into fu- ries over these absurd contests, and seriously believe at any rate for short periods that running, jumping and kicking a ball are tests of national virtue.

8-3

A. Outline

Ⅰ. The speaker' s self-introduction A. occupation: a secondary school teacher B.

involvement in extracurricular activities 1. primarily in the sports field 2. supporting many of the other areas Ⅱ. Extracurricular activities offered in the school

A. sporting activities1. an inter-school activity2. an intramural activity B. the music program1. two partsa. Band b. chorus/ choir

2. advantage: good for the students' personal develop-ment 3. specialty groups a. jazz bandb. jazz singersC. other extracurricular activities

1. a math club2. a science club3. an annual club4. a newspaper club5. an outdoors club6. a chess club

7. a cooking club Ⅲ. The reasons why these extracurricular activities are offered A. helping students fill their time in a positive way

B. helping students build skills which may be used for their future vocation C. providing fun and enjoyment

1. for teachers: in sponsoring the activates2. for students: IN participating the activities B. 1.

- 27 -

(F) 2. (F) 3. (T) 4. (F) 5. (T)

Extracurricular activities are a very important and enjoyable part of all of our school day. Statements:1. There are about 100,000 residents in the town of Coney. 2. The speaker only teacher the senior secondary school students.

3. Only the excellent athletes of the school can take part in the inter-school activates. 4. All students have to be involved in the music program offered in the school. 5. Only 30 percent of the students can go to school on foot.

8-4

Represent the ideas Clear and Clean - Outlining

Outlining is a method of classifying and organizing ideas. It is a skill very useful to language learners when they are taking lecture notes, reading, or writing a paper.

In listening, the skill of outlining reflects, to a certain extent, the listener' s ability in understanding how the facts or ideas, or the scattered pieces of information are related to one another.

People generally use a system of roman numerals, Ara-bic numbers, and letters to show relationships. There is a kind of standard form for using these symbols to show which ideas are most important. They symbols used, in order of de-creasing importance, are roman numerals (Ⅰ.Ⅱ.Ⅲ....),capital letters (A.B.C....), Arabic numbers (1.2.3....), small letters (a.b.c....),and numbers in parentheses [(1) (2) (3)...].

The placement of the topics on paper is also important. The most important items are entered farther to the left. Lesser items are entered farther and farther to the right. Headings of equal importance are indented the same dis- tance from the left margin. The purpose of this indentation is to make each idea easy to see and also to show just

- 28 -

how it is related to the ideas before and after it.

No Punctuation is needed at the end of an idea unless it is written as a complete sentence.

Outlining, as a fairly comprehensive and effective method in language learning, certainly deserves our atten- tion and practice, particularly for advanced listeners. The blanks form of an outline looks like this:

9-1

1. Buy fresh food that doesn' t need a lot of packaging.

2. Try to buy \"organic\" fruit and vegetables from farmers who don' t use chemicals. 3. save as much water as possible.

4. Use products that won' t stay forever in the earth or sea when you throw them away. 5. Use bottles more than once or take them to a bottle bank.

6. Try to save paper. Also, buy and use recycled paper as often as possible.7. Avoid \"throw-away\" products.8. Make sure that your family and friends use Unleaded petrol in their cars.

9. don' t buy products (fur or ivory, for example) made from rare or protected species. 10. Use public transportation as often as possible.

11. If you' re buying wood, don' t choose hardwood from tropical rainforests. 12. Look for aerosols which haven' t got any CFCs in them.

13. Don' t buy hamburgers or pizzas in plastic boxes which con- tain CFCs.

14. Use batteries as little as possible. It takes 50 times more en-ergy to make them than they produce.15. Don' t leave on electric lights, TV, hi-fi, etc, if you' re not suing them.

- 29 -