比较型作文

比较型作文一般分为说明式比较和议论式比较两种。 说明式比较在比较过程中，作者不发表个人意见，在文中不体现个人取向，单纯以说明介绍为目的。

四级考试中的比较型作文多以议论式比较的形式出现。 议论式比较以比较事物优劣、阐明自己的立场为目的，一般分为倾向型和中立型两种类型。

在大多数的比较型论说文中，作者从鲜明的单边支持的立场，通过对所比较事物优缺点的对比，提出自己的取向，并通过比较方法的运用和论述，进一步明确和论证自己取向的正确性。这样的论说文即被称为“倾向型比较论说文”。 这种论说文一般有两种模式：

（1） 一般在首段主题句中明确摆出自己的立场，然后在第二、

三段主体部分中，通过运用比较、对比等论述手法，进一步说明自己取向或偏好的原因及正确性，最后在结尾段中重申立场。

（2） 一般在首段只引出现象，对个人观点和立场予以保留，然

后在第二、三段主体部分中进行对比，最后在结尾段自然而然地得出论点。

第一种模式操作简易，在此类作文中应用甚广。下面就以此为例，详细讲解首段、主体部分以及结尾段的写法。

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（一） 首段

简化的两句话首段模式： 首段= 引言句+主题句

引言句（第一句）：引出比较的对象。

主题句（第二句）：提出主题，明确表明作者的个人取向与偏好。

引言句一般为与作文题紧密相关的社会背景、现实状况或是时下人们对某一事件或事物的普遍取向或偏好。例如： （1）It is generally accepted that friends are an indispensable part of our daily life, but when it comes to what kinds of friends to make, there has sprung up a heated discussion as to making friends with people of different or similar personalities. (2) As for me, I prefer to make friends with those who share common interests with me.

句（1）用“there has sprung up a heated discussion”的经典结构引出关于交朋友这个极具争议的话题，句（2） 用“As for me”提出自己的观点，为客观的对比和论述做好铺垫。 （二） 主体部分 1 . 对比点的笔墨分配。

所需笔墨切不可采取“二等分法”，而是应有所侧重。对于作者持否定态度的事物的优势要少写，而对肯定的事物的优点则要多用笔墨，对于其缺点则可轻描淡写、一笔带

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过。在用对比法比较被肯定事物的优点及被否定事物的弱点时，注意要让被肯定事物出现在主句中、而让被否定事物出现在以从句或分词结构等引出的附属结构中。例如：[（A）为被肯定事物，（B）为被否定事物]

With B doing …, A (is) usually … A (is) always …, while / whereas B …

2. 对比点的位置分配。

为了避免比较过程中出现思路混乱的局面，可以在主体部分运用以下三种论述模式。 （1） 事物单项交替比较模式

这种比较模式以比较对象的单项对比点为基础，依次讨论两个甚至三个比较对象的几个平行对比点。例如

From Paragraph to Essay

Despite their obvious differences in length, the paragraph and the essay are quite similar structurally. For example, the paragraph is introduced by either a topic sentence or a topic introducer followed by a topic sentence. In the essay, the first paragraph provides introductory material and establishes the topic focus. Next, the sentences in the body of a paragraph develop the topic focus. Similarly, the body of an essay consists of

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a number of paragraphs that expand and support the ideas presented in the introductory paragraph. (2) 事物整体集中比较模式

这种比较模式以比较对象本身为基础。例如：

From Paragraph to Essay

Despite their obvious differences in length, the paragraph and the essay are quite similar structurally. For example, the paragraph is introduced by either a topic sentence or a topic introducer followed by a topic sentence, meanwhile, the sentences in the body of a paragraph develop the topic sentence.

However, in the essay, the first paragraph provides introductory material and establishes the topic focus, and the body of an essay consists of a number of paragraphs that expand and support the ideas presented in the introductory paragraph.

但是在倾向型比较论说文中，像上述范文一样能够点对点一一对应地做比较的情况是不多见的，实践中整体集中比较模式往往比较灵活。例如

(1)Having friends whose characters, hobbies and social conditions are similar to you can bring you many advantages. (2) They are easy to get along with, and

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between you and your friends, there are always something that all of you are familiar with. (3) Because of the similarity, they can see something in the position of yours, and understand you better.

(1)But different friends may not have what you have, but they have what you have not. (2) A different friend is a mirror which can reflect your virtues and shortcomings. (3) From him, you can find what you lack and you can learn what you need. (4) When viewed from these perspectives, different friends may do more in shaping you than do the similar ones.

[第一段（1）肯定与性格相投的人交友的优势；（2）原因一：容易接近；（3）原因二：能更好地相互理解。 第二段（1）性格相左的朋友的特质；（2）、（3）原因：能反映出自己的优缺点；（4）肯定与性格相左的人交友的优势。]

上述两段虽然是对性格相投和性格相左的朋友做整体比较，但却不是按比较对象的各个对应点一一对比的。任何的比较和论述都不是一成不变的，应该根据需要，灵活应对。

（3）欲擒故纵法比较模式

欲擒故纵法就是在抨击被否定对象之前，先不痛不痒

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地肯定其优势，然后以破竹之势直指其致命弱点。 与此相对的方法可用于推崇被肯定事物，即先承认被肯定事物有某些弱点，但这些弱点往往微不足道，然后再大手笔推出其优点，与其弱点形成鲜明对比，体现瑕不掩瑜的特点。

这种比较模式通常以but, though等来衔接。例如： A person of the similar personality is easier to get along with, but you can learn few things from each other. A different friend is a mirror which can reflect your virtues and shortcomings. From him, you can find what you lack and you can learn what you need. When viewed from these perspectives, different friends may do more in shaping you than do the similar ones. (三)结尾段

简化的两句话结尾段模式： 模式1

结尾段=呼应主题句+强调被肯定事物的积极作用等 第一句：呼应主题句。

第二句：可用一句话归纳被肯定事物的优点等。例如： a. （1）I prefer traveling individually, because for me to have a holiday tour is to enjoy and relax myself, and to relax thoroughly, freedom is of essence. (2) If you lose the

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freedom of action, it is no longer a holiday in anything but name.

b. (1) From the above comparison and contrast, we can come to the conclusion that the city is still better choice

for

children’s

education,

though

some

disadvantages do exist. (2) Only in cities can children be well prepared for their future life and keep up with the trend of the world.

例a是比较旅行社旅游与自助游优缺点的结尾段，作者肯定的是自助游。

例b是比较城市生活与农村生活对儿童健康成长的利弊。 在这两个例子的第一句话中，作者分别用“prefer”和“better choice”，明确提出自己的观点和立场，以此来照应首段主题句。

在例a的第二句话中，作者匠心独运地用“if”引导的假设性条件状语从句，以反论的手法强调了自由对于假日和旅游的作用。

而在例b的第二句话中，作者巧妙地用以“only”引导的倒装句强调功能，突出了城市生活对儿童未来的裨益之处。

模式2 结尾段= 让步句+呼应主题句 第一句：以让步的口吻，提出被否定事物的一个小优

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点。

第二句：笔锋一转，用一句话归纳并突出被肯定事物的重大优点，进一步确定自己的选择，与主题句相互照应。例如：

a. （1）Indoor activities are somewhat challenging as well, for example, chess and book reading can also develop our mind. (2) However I still prefer outdoor activities, for they teach me how to be a strong man, both in health and in spirit.

b. (1) Of course, traveling alone has its own merits: you can change your destination at any time and stay in one place as long as you like. (2) But I still like to travel with friends, because I think that the most important thing during travel is to get pleasure and relaxation, and with friends, I can get all these things easily.

例a通过比较户外活动与室内活动的优劣，来突出户外活动的诸多优点；而例b则是通过比较单独旅游与结伴旅游的优缺点，来突出结伴旅游地有点。

这两个例子中的“somewhat”以及“of course”是表示让步的典型标志，先肯定被否定事物的一个优点，为下文突出被肯定事物的重大优势做铺垫。“however”及“but”则是转而强调被肯定事物的有力武器。

在英语写作中，在再次重申自己的立场时，需要变换所用

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词汇及句式，以体现自身语言的多样性，以免给他人留下语言贫乏的印象。至于结尾点的第二句话，可以选用的表达方式就非常多了，例如归纳被肯定事物的优点、引用名句或提出建设性意见等等。但切忌喊口号、表决心式的结尾，如：“Let’s go outside from now on and enjoy the fresh air!”

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1999年6月的真题是典型的比较型论说文:

Reading Selectively or Extensively?

1. 有人认为读书要有选择 2. 有人认为应当博览群书 3. 我的看法

People all know that reading is very important. People

have different opinions towards how to read. Some people say we’d better read selectively. Other people believe that we should read extensively. As for me, I prefer to strike a balance between the two.

Some people think that reading selectively is very important. First, after work people have many other activities besides reading. They do not have enough time to read extensively. Second, without careful selection, we may read harmful books. And harmful books may do harm to our minds.

Some people think that we should read extensively. Now, different branches of knowledge are closely related. If one wants to make great achievement, he will have to read books concerning not only his own field of study but also other fields of study. Reading extensively can give us experience, broaden our view and make us wiser.

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I think we should read both selectively and extensively. As for bad books, we should never read them. As for good books, we should read as extensively as we can.

第一段：直击问题，引出观点，提出主题论点。 主体段一：为何要有选择性地阅读？

原因1：时间有限； 原因2：有害书籍的存在。

句与句之间用衔接词有效体现逻辑关系。

主体段二：为何要博览群书？

原因1：各类知识关系密切，触类旁通；

原因2：开阔眼界

结尾段：呼应首段主题句，得出中立的结论，并提出建议。

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万能摸板作文

倾向型比较论说文万能摸板：

（1）It is often difficult for ___ to decide whether A or B . (2)In my opinion, A is always better. (1) Some students don’t like B . (2) First, they think ____ because ____ . (3) Second, ____ (4) Third, ____.

(1) The incomparable advantage of A is that ___. (2) First, ___. (3) Second, ___ .(4) Third, ___.

(1)I regard A as a precious opportunity for it is the best way of ___. (2) And I confidently believe that ____.

[首段：直接提出个人观点。句（1）引出关于相关话题；句（2）明确提出自己的观点。

主体段落1、2：采用单项交替比较的方法。

结尾段：第一句与首段的主题句遥相呼应，体现整个篇章论述的一致性。]

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范文：

Living Alone or Living with Roommates?

1.有人认为大学住宿应该独处一室 2.有人认为应该与同学合住 3.我的观点

（1）It is often difficult for a student to decide whether he shall have roommates or not. (2)In my opinion, having roommates is always better.

(1) Some students don’t like having roommates. (2)They think several people living together causes some unpleasantness because every person has his or her own way. (3)We have the chance to learn to adjust the subtle relationships. (4)Solving trivial problems will enrich our experience and help us understand others and learn to be considerate.

(1)The incomparable advantage is that living together offers an excellent chance of cooperation.(2)Planning a party single-handedly may be a boring and difficult job. (3)Our roommates’ help make it enjoyable and easy. (4)Combining every member’s wit and talent together, we may do anything perfectly.

(1) I regard rooming together as a precious opportunity for it is the best way of learning cooperation and understanding. (2)And I confidently believe that such experience will be helpful in one’s later

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life.

[范文亮点：

主体段落采用的是单项交替比较的方法：

段落一：不同的居住方式教会人们不同的处理人际关系的方式； 段落二：不同的居住方式对组织大型活动的不同影响。]

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中立型比较论说文万能摸板

（1）Those who prefer A have their own reasons, while some other people prefer B . (2) As for me, both A and B have merits and demerits.

(1)First and foremost, ____. (2) Moreover, ____. (3)Last but not least, ____.

(1) On the contrary ____. (2)In addition, ____. (3)What’s the commonest, ____.

(1)Either ___ or a ___ gives ___. (2)I believe ___. [首段：明确自己的立场，指出二者均有优缺点。 主体段一、二：采用整体集中比较的方法。 结尾段：与首段主题相互呼应。]

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范文

Compare Urban Areas with Rural Areas

1. 有人喜欢乡村生活 2. 有人喜欢都市生活 3. 我的观点

（1）Those who prefer urban life have their own reasons, while

some other people prefer to live in rural areas. (2) As for me, both urban life and rural life have merits and demerits.

(1)Urban citizens can appreciate a more colorful life than rural citizens. (2)Townspeople are well-informed because they have easier access to news. (3)Townspeople can buy what they want at any time of a day as there is a adequate supply of goods.

(1)On the contrary medical studies have proved that rural residents can live longer than urban residents, because the former are free from a polluted environment. (2)In addition, the crime rate in the city is several times higher than in the countryside. (3)What’s the commonest, the life in the city is much more expensive than in the countryside,

(1)Either an urban or a rural area gives pleasure and trouble. (2)But I believe the suburban area has the excellences of both, because people there can appreciate not only the conveniences and variety of urban life but also peace and safety of the country.

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[范文亮点：

主体段落采用的是整体集中比较的方法：第一句为主题句，接着分别列出城市生活与乡村生活的几个优势，然后以一句化作总结。

值得注意的是，作者折中的方式与众不同：提出了结合两个比较对象优点的第三个选择。]

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练习摸板1

Nowadays, the influence of ___ proves to be profound. And there has been a very controversial debate as to ____.

People in favor of ___ always provide the following evidence. Firstly, ___. Secondly, ____. Finally, ____.

Conversely, as for the merits of ____, in the first place, ___. Secondly, ____. At the same time, _____.

In short, I agree that _____.

[首段：引出话题和争论，但保留作者个人看法。 第二段：偏爱……的理由。 第三段：……的优点。

结尾段：明确提出作者个人观点。]

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练习1

Will Intenet Replace Books?

1.有人认为类似于因特网的高科技产品会代替书籍 2.有人认为传统的信息产品书籍不会被取代 3.我的看法

[模式要求1.选择倾向型比较模式；2.选择整体集中比较模式。] [临摹具体要求：

首段两句话模式：引出关于因特网对当代社会的影响+关于因特网和书籍话题存在的争论。

主体段落1：有的人偏爱阅读传统的信息载体，如书籍。 原因1：人类文明的历史就是书写的历史；

原因2：人们可以随处用自己喜欢的姿势阅读书籍； 原因3：书写形式更有利于安全保存信息。

主体段落2：如因特网之类的现代技术手段的优点。 优点1：新科技的出现历来都会给人类生活带来许多好处； 优点2：电脑新科技的出现，使信息储备量大大提高了； 优点3：电脑新科技的出现，使信息处理的效率提高了。 结尾段：因特网最终会代替书籍等传统信息手段。]

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范文1

Will Internet Replace Books?

Nowadays, the influence of Internet proves to be profound. And there has been a very controversial debate as to whether or not Internet will replace the book as the main source of information.

People in favor of the traditional information sources always provide the following evidence. Firstly, the history of human civilization is the written history. Secondly, people are free to choose any posture and place that makes them comfortable when reading. Finally, traditional information sources like books are relatively stable and reliable to preserve the human information well.

Conversely, as for the merits of modern technologies, in the first place, in history, we can see that every new technology brings about great changes to our life. Secondly, modern technology like computers is another great invention that can store a huge amount of data. At the same time, we are able to process the data more rapidly and accurately than we can ever imagine.

In short, I agree that modern technology, such as the Internet, will one day replace the written word as the main source of information. Therefore, I am eagerly looking forward to that day.

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练习摸板2

Which is more important in life, ___, or ___? The answer may vary from person to person. But in my opinion, they are of the same importance.

____ is priceless for it helps one deal with the problems with ___. ____, however, is limited in terms of ___. For one thing, ___. For another, ___.

One way to compensate for it is to ___. ___.

Both ___ and ___ are essential. While ___ makes one more ___, ___ makes one more ___. [首段：明确提出中立的观点。 第2段：分述直接经验的利弊。 第3段：书本知识的补充作用。 结尾段：呼应主题，得出中立的结论。]

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练习2

Book knowledge or Practical Experience?

1.有人认为书本知识举足轻重 2.有人认为实践经验更为重要 3.我的观点

[模式要求：1.选择中立型比较模式； 2.选择整体集中比较模式。]

[临摹具体要求：

首段两句话模式：引出关于直接经验与书本知识的话题+明确自己的观点。二者都很重要。

主体段落1：直接经验对我们的工作有利有弊。 1 、直接经验对我们的帮助；

2、直接经验也有其局限性：人的一生无法经历所有世事+快速的社会发展导致已有的经验被淘汰。 主体段落2：论述书本知识是人生经验的有益补充。 结尾段两句话模式：呼应主题句+分别概括二者优势。]

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范文2

Book Knowledge or Practical Experience?

Which is more important in life, knowledge from the books you read, or personal experience you gain in reality? The answer may vary from person to person. But in my opinion, they are of the same importance.

Experience is priceless for it helps one deal with the problems with ease and confidence. Experience, however, is limited in terms of time and space. For one thing, it is impossible for anyone to experience all the important events. For another, as the speed with which skills are obsolete and new problems crop up is unprecedented because of the fast development of society, experience is far less adequate. One way to compensate for it is to read books. Books of various kinds can bring us almost unlimited additional experience. To be sure, it’s secondhand experience. But it is the ideal supplement to our own limited experience. Few of us can travel around the world, or live long beyond one hundred years, but all of us can live many lives by reading books.

Both book knowledge and personal experience are essential. While experience makes one more resourceful, book knowledge makes one more learned.

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练习摸板3

___ is very important both in the past and at present. With the development of ___, ___.

____ is very convenient indeed, especially when you ___. Today, with the quick rhythm of life people usually do not have as much time to ___ as before. And ___ solves the problem. Moreover, it seems that ___.

But ___. Some people don’t want to ___ because ___. People can also ___. At this point ___.

Therefore, I strongly advocate ___. And it will prove to be ___.

[首段：不直接提出个人观点。

主体段：采用欲擒故纵法，先肯定……（电话交流）有一定的优点。“but”一词笔锋一转，转而讨论 …… (信交流) 的优点 。

结尾段：自然而然地得出结论，明确立场。]

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练习3

Communicating by Telephone or by Letter?

1.有人认为现代社会电话交流最有效 2.有人认为现代社会书信交流不容忽视 3.我的看法

[模式要求：

1.选择倾向型比较模式，在首段不直接提出作者的观点；

2.主体段落采用欲擒故纵法，先肯定电话交流的优点，再强调书信交流的优点；

3.在结尾段自然而然地得出结论，提出作者观点。] [临摹具体要求：

首段两句话模式：引出关于交流的话题+当代社会交流方式由信件向电话的转变。

主体段落1：电话交流的优点，一笔带过书信交流的缺点。 1）有急事时，电话最为快捷；

2）生活节奏加快，没时间写信，电话能解决这个问题； 3）电话似乎能缩短人与人之间的距离。

主体段落2：电话交流的缺点，从而突出书信交流的优点。 1）电话交流让人变得懒惰，人们不愿提笔组织自己的语言； 2）在电话中无法直接表达的话语，可以通过书信传达。 结尾段两句话模式：提出主题句+概括优势。]

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范文3

Communicating by Telephone or by Letter?

Communication is very important both in the past and at present. With the development of transportation., letters can be sent much more quickly than ever before, but when the telephone appeared, most people have turned to it.

Communicating with other people by telephone is very convenient indeed, especially when you have something urgent. Today, with the quick rhythm of life people usually do not have as much time to write letters as before. And telephone solves the problem. Moreover, it seems that telephone shortens the distance between people.

But telephone is making people lazy. Some people don’t want to write letters because they must organize their mind more logically to express their ideas. People can also express their thoughts by letters, which they feel uneasy to say directly over phone. At this point telephone lengthens the distance between people. Progress turns to have more than on faces.

Therefore, I strongly advocate communicating by letter. And it will prove to be one of the ways to be independent from telephone when you pick up your pen to write a letter.

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