考博英语模拟试卷35(题后含答案及解析)

考博英语模拟试卷35 (题后含答案及解析)

题型有：1. Reading Comprehension 2. Grammar 3. Error Identification 4. Word Formation 5. English-Chinese Translation 6. Writing

Reading Comprehension

When, in the age of automation, man searches for a worker to do the tedious, unpleasant jobs that are impossible to mechanize, he may very profitably consider the ape. If we tackled the problem of breeding for brains with as much as enthusiasm as we devote to breeding dogs of surrealistic shapes, we could eventually produce assorted models of useful primates, ranging in size from the gorilla down to the baboon, each adapted to a special kind of work. It is not putting too much strain on the imagination to assume that geneticists could produce a super-ape, able to understand some scores of words, and capable of being trained for such jobs as picking fruit, cleaning up the litter in parks, shining shoes, collecting garbage, doing household chores, and even baby-sitting (though I have known some babies I would not care to trust with a valuable ape). Apes could do many jobs, such as cleaning streets and the more repetitive types of agricultural work, without supervision, though they might need protection from those exceptional specimens of Homo sapiens who think it amusing to tease or bully anything they consider lower on the evolutionary ladder. For other tasks, such as delivering papers and laboring on the docks, our man-ape would have to work under human overseers; and, incidentally, I would love to see the finale of the twenty-first century version of On the Waterfront in which the honest but hairy hero will dram on his chest after——literally—— taking the wicked labor leader apart. Once a supply of nonhuman workers becomes available, a whole range of low IQ jobs could be thankfully relinquished by mankind, to its great mental and physical advantage. What is more, one of the problems which has plagued so many fictional Utopias would be avoided: There would be none of the degradingly subhuman Epsilons of Huxley’s Brave New World to act as a permanent reproach to society, for there is a profound moral difference between breeding sub-men and super-apes, though the end products are much the same. The first would introduce a form of slavery, the second would be a biological triumph which could benefit both men and animals.

1． In the author’s opinion, the idea that geneticists could produce a super-ape is ______.

A．irrational B．plausible

C．biologically impossible D．demonstrably true

正确答案：B

解析：综合理解题，文章通篇用反讽的语调讲述super-ape可能带来的好处。irrational失去理性的；plausible貌似有礼的；biologically impossible生物学上不可能的；demonstrably true确实真实的。

2． The type of job an ape could do without supervision would be one which is ______.

A．repetitive B．mechanized C．unusual D．intricate

正确答案：A 解析：可以第三段第一句话“Apes could do many jobs, such as cleaning streets and the more repetitive types of agricultural work, without supervision”中找到。repetitive重复的；mechanized机械的；unusual不平常的；intricate复杂的。

3． A problem that has plagued some fictional Utopias is ______. A．creation of super-apes

B．the necessity of breeding super-humans C．the necessity of breeding subhumans D．the degradation of beasts

正确答案：C

解析：可从本文最后一句话中推导出。A创造超级类人猿；B培养超人的需要；C培养低人类；D减低兽性。

4． The author of this article is ______. A．revealing his low opinion of mankind B．poking fun at geneticists

C．expressing his doubts about the possibility of breeding a super-ape D．presenting a reasonable theory in a humorous tone

正确答案：D

解析：综合理解题。A揭露人类低级想法；B跟遗传学者开玩笑；C表述作者对于培育超类人猿的怀疑态度；D用诙谐的语调阐述一个可能的理论。D与原文意思最近，A，B，C项均不可能。

As one works with color in a practical or experimental way, one is impressed by two apparently unrelated facts. Color as seen is a mobile changeable thing depending to a large extent on the relationship of the color to other colors seen simultaneously. It is not fixed in its relation to the direct stimulus which creates it. On the other hand, the properties of surfaces that give rise to color do not seem to change greatly under a wide variety of illumination colors, usually (but not always) looking

much the same in artificial light as in daylight. Both of these effects seem to be due in large part to the mechanism of color adaptation mentioned earlier. When the eye is fixed on a colored area, there is an immediate readjustment of the sensitivity of the eye to color in and around the area viewed. This readjustment does not immediately affect the color seen but usually does affect the next area to which the gaze is shifted. The longer the time of viewing, the higher the intensity, and the larger the area, the greater the effect will be in terms of its persistence in the succeeding viewing situation. As indicated by the work of Wright and Shouted, it appears that, at least for a first approximation, full adaptation takes place over a very brief time if the adapting source is moderately bright and the eye has been in relative darkness just previously. As the stimulus is allowed to act, however, the effect becomes more persistent in the sense that it takes the eye longer to regain its sensitivity to lower intensities. The net result is that, if the eye is so exposed and then the gaze is transferred to an area of lower intensity, the loss of sensitivity produced by the first area will still be present and appear as an “afterimage” superimposed on the second. The effect not only is present over the actual area causing the “local adaptation” but also spreads with decreasing strength to adjoining areas of the eye to produce “lateral adaptation.” Also, because of the persistence of the effect if the eye is shifted around from one object to another, all of which are at similar brightness or have similar colors, the adaptation will tend to become uniform over the whole eye.

5． This selection is primarily concerned with ______. A．the eye’s adaptation to color B．the properties of colored surfaces C．the color of colors

D．the effect of changes in color intensity

正确答案：A 解析：可在本段主题句“Both of these effects seem to be due in large part to the mechanism of color adaptation mentioned earlier.”中找到答案。A眼睛对色彩的适应性；B道具表面颜色；C色彩本身；D颜色突然转换的影响。

6． Whether a colored object would, on two viewings separated in time, appear to the viewer as similar or different in color would depend mostly on ______.

A．the color mechanism of the eye in use at the time of each viewing B．whether the object was seen in artificial or natural light

C．what kind of viewing had immediately preceded each of the viewings D．the individual’s power of lateral adaptation

正确答案：C

解析：可从第二段第三句话“The longer the time of viewing, the higher the intensity, and the larger the area, the greater the effect will be in terms of its persistence in the succeeding viewing situation.”推断出来。A眼睛的视觉机能；B

是在自然光下还是在灯光下；C转移视线前所见景物； D个人适应能力。

7． If a person’s eye has been looking at an object in bright sunlight for some time, and then shifts to an object not well lit, we can expect ______.

A．a time lag in the focusing ability of the eye B．some inability to see colors of the latter-named objects until loss of sensitivity has been regained.

C．the immediate less of the “afterimage” of the first object

D．the adaptation in the central area of the eye but little adaptation in the lateral areas to thenew intensity level.

正确答案：B

解析：综合理解最后一段。B直到失去的感觉恢复后才能看见东西。其他三项文章均未涉及。

8． The present selection has apparently been preceded by some explanation of ______.

A．some experiments with color pigments B．the nature of color

C．the color properties of various surfaces

D．the mechanism of the eye’s adaptation to color

正确答案：D

解析：眼睛的颜色适应能力。A色素试验；B颜色属性；C不同的表面色彩均不符文意。

The Greek’s lofty attitude toward scientific research——and the scientists’ contempt of utility was a long time dying. For a millennium after Archimedes, this separation of mechanics from geometry inhibited fundamental technological progress and in some areas repressed it altogether. But there was a still greater obstacle to change until the very end of the middle ages: the organization of society. The social system of fixed class relationships that prevailed through the Middle Ages (and in some areas much longer) itself hampered improvement. Under this system, the laboring masses, in exchange for the bare necessities of life, did all the productive work, while the privileged few——priests, nobles, and kings——concerned themselves only with ownership and maintenance of their own position. In the interest of their privileges they did achieve considerable progress in defense, in warmaking, in government, in trade, in the arts of leisure, and in the extraction of labor from their dependents, but they had no familiarity with the process of production. On the other hand, the laborers, who were familiar with manufacturing techniques, had no incentive to improve or increase production to the advantage of their masters. Thus, with one class possessing the requisite knowledge and experience, but lacking incentive and leisure, and the other class lacking the knowledge and experience, there was no means by which technical progress could be achieved. The whole ancient

world was built upon this relationship——a relationship as sterile as it was inhuman. The availability of slaves nullified the need for more efficient machinery. In many of the coxnmonplace fields of human endeavor, actual stagnation prevailed for thousands of years. Not all the glory that was Greece and the grandeur that was Rome could develop the windmill or contrive so simple an instrument as the wheelbarrow——products of the tenth and thirteenth centuries respectively. For about twenty-five centuries, two-thirds of the power of the horse was lost because he wasn’t shod, and much of the strength of the ox was wasted because his harness wasn’t modified to fit his shoulders. For more than five thousand years, sailors were confined to rivers and coasts by a primitive steering mechanism which required remarkably little alteration (in the thirteenth century) to become a rudder. With any ingenuity at all, the ancient plough could have been put on wheels and the ploughshare shaped to bite and turn the sod instead of merely scratching it——but the ingenuity wasn’t forthcoming. And the villager of the Middle Ages, like the men who first had fire, had a smoke hole in the center of the straw and reed thatched roof of his’ one-room dwelling (which he shared with his animals), while the medieval charcoal burner (like his Stone Age ancestor) made himself a hut of small branches.

9． Lack of technological progress in the ancient and medieval worlds was primarily due to the absence of ______.

A．natural resources B．inventive ability

C．people’s desire for the “better things of life” D．proper social organization

正确答案：D

解析：合理的社会组织结构，在第三句话“there was a still greater obstacle to change until the very end of the middle ages: the organization of society.”中找到。A社会资源；B发明能力；C人们对于“更好生活”的渴望文中均未涉及。

10． During the Middle Ages, productivity of labor ______. A．was a primary concern of society B．was hampered by class relationships

C．began to improve over levels reached by the Greeks D．was in a period of technical progress

正确答案：B 解析：可在第四句话“The social system of fixed... the Middle Ages (and in some areas much longer) itself hampered improvement.”找到。A社会焦点；C超过了希腊研究高度；D技术进步时期；均不符文意。

11． We may infer that a change in class relationships after the close of the Middle Ages produced greater productivity because ______.

A．freemen had incentive to produce more

B．masters had greater incentive to work their workers harder C．slaves never starved, no matter what they produced D．productivity could go in only one direction

正确答案：A

解析：从整篇文章推论出答案，整篇文章都在谈中世纪对人的束缚，因此中世纪后生产力大发展必是因为劳动力的原因。

12． In supporting his contentions about the ancient world, the author relies mainly on illustrations drawn from ______.

A．examples of the separation of mechanics and geometry

B．case studies of lack of social communication between classes C．technology

D．his concern with the plight of the laboring classes.

正确答案：C

解析：全文理解题，C最符合文意。

The evolution of sex ratios has produced, in most plants and animals with separate sexes, approximately equal numbers of males and females. Why should this be so? Two main kinds of answers have been offered. One is couched in terms of advantage to population. It is argued that the sex ratio will evolve so as to maximize the number of meetings between individuals of the opposite sex. This is essentially a “group selection” argument. The other, and in my view correct, type of answer was first put forward by Fisher in 1930. This “genetic” argument starts from the assumption that genes can influence the relative numbers of male and female offspring produced by an individual carrying the genes. That sex ratio will be favored which maximizes the number of descendants an individual will have and hence the number of gene copies transmitted. Suppose that the population consisted mostly of females, then an individual who produced sons only would have more grandchildren. In contrast, if the population consisted mostly of males, it would pay to have daughters. If, however, the population consisted of equal numbers of males and females, sons and daughters would be equally valuable. Thus a one-to-one sex ratio is the only stable ratio; it is an “evolutionarily stable strategy.” Although Fisher wrote before the mathematical theory of games had been developed, his theory incorporates the essential feature of a game——that the best strategy to adopt depends on what others are doing. Since Fisher’s time, it has been realized that genes can sometimes influence the chromosome or gamete in which they find themselves so that the gamete will be more likely to participate in fertilization. If such a gene occurs on a sex-determining (X or Y) chromo-some, then highly aberrant sex ratios can occur. But more immediately relevant to game theory are the sex ratios in certain parasitic wasp species that have a large excess of females. In these species, fertilized eggs develop into females and unfertilized eggs into males. A female stores sperm and can

determine the sex of each egg she lays by fertilizing it or leaving it unfertilized. By Fisher’s argument, it should still pay a female to produce equal numbers of sons and daughters. Hamilton, noting that the eggs develop within their host——the larva of another in sect——and that the newly emerged adult wasps mate immediately and disperse, offered a remarkably co gent analysis. Since only one female usually eggs in a given larva, it would pay her to produce one male only, because this one could fertilize all his sisters on emergence. Like Fisher, Hamilton looked for an evolutionarily stable strategy, but he went a step further in recognizing that he was looking strategy.

13． The author suggests that the work of Fisher and Hamilton was similar in that both scientists ______.

A．conducted their research at approximately the same time

B．sought to manipulate the sex ratios of some of the animals they studied C．sought an explanation of why certain sex. ratios exist and remain stable D．studied reproduction in the same animal species

正确答案：C

解析：最后一句话“Like Fisher, Hamilton looked for an evolutionarily stable strategy, but he went a step further in recognizing that he was looking strategy.”中找的到。

14． It can be inferred from the passage that the author considers Fisher’s work to be ______.

A．definitive and thorough

B．inaccurate but popular, compared with Hamilton’s work C．accurate, but trivial compared with Hamilton’s work D．admirable, but not as up-to-date as Hamilton’s work

正确答案：D

解析：全文理解题，作者支持Fisher的观点，但Hamilton的观点更新。A绝对正确；B不正确但很流行；C正确，但比Hamilton琐碎皆与原文不符。

15． According to the passage, successful game strategy depends on ______. A．the ability to adjust one’s behavior in light of the behavior of others B．the degree of stability one can create in one’s immediate environment C．the accuracy with which one can predict future events

D．the success one achieves in conserving and storing one’s resources

正确答案：A 解析：第一段最后一句话“his theory incorporates the essential feature of a game——that the best strategy to adopt depends on what others are doing.”给出了答案。

16． It can be inferred from the passage that the mathematical theory of games has been ______.

A．developed by scientists with an interest in genetics B．useful in explaining some biological phenomena C．adopted by Hamilton in his research

D．based on animal studies conducted prior to 1930

正确答案：B

解析：综合理解题。B在解释生物现象上非常有用是最佳答案。

Surprisingly enough, modem historians have rarely interested themselves in the history of the American South in the period before the South began to become self-consciously and distinctively “Southern”——the decades after 1815. Consequently, the cultural history of Britain’s North American empire in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries has been written almost as if the Southern colonies had never existed. The American culture that emerged during the Colonial and Revolutionary eras has been depicted as having been simply an extension of New England Puritan culture. However, Professor Davis has recently argued that the South stood apart from the rest of American society during this early period, following its own unique pattern of cultural development. The case for Southern distinctiveness rests upon two related premises: first, that the cultural similarities among the five Southern colonies were far more impressive than the differences, and second, that what made those colonies alike also made them different from the other colonies. The first, for which Davis offers an enormous amount of evidence, can be accepted without major reservations; the second is far more problematic. What makes the second premise problematic is the use of the Puritan colonies as a basis for comparison. Quite properly, Davis decries the excessive influence ascribed by historians to the Puritans in the formation of American culture. Yet Davis inadvertently odds weight to such ascriptions by using the Puritans as the standard against which to assess the achievements and contributions of Southern colonials. Throughout, Davis focuses on the important, and undeniable, differences between the Southern and Puritan colonies in motives for and patterns of early settlement, in attitudes toward nature and Native Americans, and in the degree of receptivity to metropolitan cultural influences. However, recent scholarship has strongly suggested that those aspects of early New England culture that seem to have been most distinctly Puritan, such as the strong religious orientation and the communal impulse, were not even typical of New England as a whole, but were largely confined to the two colonies of Massachusetts and Connecticut. Thus, what in contrast to the Puritan colonies appears to Davis to be peculiarly Southern——acquisitiveness, a strong interest in politics and the law, and a tendency to cultivate metropolitan cultural models——was not only more typically English than the cultural patterns exhibited by Puritan Massachusetts and Connecticut, but also almost certainly characteristic of most other early modern British colonies from Barbados north to Rhode Island: and New Hampshire. Within the larger framework of American colonial life, then, not the

Southern——but the Puritan colonies appear to have been distinctive, and even they seem to have been: rapidly assimilating to the dominant cultural patterns by the late Colonial period.

17． The author is primarily concerned with ______.

A．refuting a claim about the influence of Puritan culture on the early American South

B．refuting a thesis about the distinctiveness of the culture of the early American South

C．refuting the two premises that underlie Davis’ discussion of the culture of the American

D．challenging the hypothesis that early American culture was homogeneous in nature

正确答案：B 解析：第一段最后一句话“The first, for which Davis offers an enormous amount of evidence, can be accepted without major reservations; the second is far more problematic.”中得知。

18． According to the author, the depiction of American culture during the Colonial and Revolutionary eras as an extension of New England Puritan culture reflects the ______.

A．fact that historians have overestimated the importance of the Puritans in the development of American culture

B．fact that early American culture was deeply influenced by the strong religious oriencolonists

C．extent to which Massachusetts and Connecticut served as cultural models for the other American colonies

D．extent to which colonial America resisted assimilating cultural patterns that were typically English

正确答案：A

解析：从第二段第二句“Quite properly, Davis decries the excessive influence ascribed by historians to the Puritans in the formation of American culture.”中可知。

19． The passage suggests that by the late Colonial period the tendency to cultivate metropolitan cultural models was a cultural pattern that was ______.

A．dying out as Puritan influence began to grow B．self-consciously and distinctively Southern

C．more characteristic of the Southern colonies than of England D．spreading to Massachusetts and Connecticut

正确答案：D

解析：从最后一句话“Within the larger framework of American colonial life, then, not the Southern——but the Puritan colonies appear to have been distinctive, and even they seem to have been: rapidly assimilating to the dominant cultural patterns by the late Colonial period.”中可知，这种文化已扩展至Massachusettes和Connecticut两个州。

20． Which of the following statements could most logically follow the last sentence of the passage?

A．Thus, without the cultural diversity represented by the American South, the culture of colonial America would certainly have been homogeneous in nature.

B．Thus, the contribution of Southern colonials to American culture was certainly overshadowed by that of the Puritans.

C．Thus, convergence, not divergence, seems to have characterized the cultural development of the American colonies in the eighteenth century.

D．Thus, the culture of America during the Colonial period was far more sensitive to outside influence than historians are accustomed to acknowledge.

正确答案：C

解析：此题可用排除法。A如果没有南方文化的异样性，整个美洲文化就会趋同，说法太绝对，不正确。B南部文化被清教徒文化所遮蔽，与原文意思相反。D文中没有涉及这个问题。

Grammar

21． From 1965 to 1978 American consumer prices increased at an average annual rate of 5. 7 percent. This ominous shift was followed by consumer price gains of 13.3 percent in 1979.

A．promising B．overwhelming C．threatening D．astonishing

正确答案：C

解析：ominous不吉利的。A．promising有希望的； B．overwhelming势不可挡的； C．threatening凶兆的；

D．astonishing令人吃惊的。 22． In 1982, Hitachi was indicted for stealing confidential documents from IBM. As part of a court settlement, the company pa id IBM hundreds of millions of dollars.

A．condemned for B．accused of C．disciplined for D．disapproved of

正确答案：B

解析：indicted for被起诉。A．condemned for被责难； B．accused of被控告； C．disciplined for被训练； D．disapproved of不赞成。

23． The preserved food should retain palatable appearance, flavor, and texture, as well as its original nutritional value.

A．tasty B．stylish C．delicate D．notable

正确答案：A

解析：palatable美味的。A．tasty美味的； B．stylish时髦的； C．delicate精致的； D．notable著名的。

24． The Austrian manufacturing industry consists of a few large organizations, many of which oper ate under government auspices.

A．supervision B．orientation C．regulation D．sponsorship

正确答案：D

解析：auspices主办。A．supervision监督； B．orientation指导； C．regulation管理； D．sponsorship主办。

25． European conservatives, until the end of the 19th century, rejected democratic principles and institutions. Instead they opted for monarchies or for authoritarian government.

A．chose

B．constructed C．conceived D．conserved

正确答案：A

解析：opted for选择。A．chose选择； B．constructed建造；

C．conceived构思； D．conserved保存。

26． During the 19th century, Jews in most European countries achieved some equality of status with non-Jews. Nonetheless, at times Jews were harassed by anti-Semitic groups.

A．opposed B．exploited C．despised D．annoyed

正确答案：D

解析：harassed使厌烦。A．opposed反对； B．exploited开发； C．despised轻视； D．annoyed使苦恼。

27． A corps of so-called barefoot doctors are trained in hygiene, preventive medicine, acupuncture, and routine treatment of common diseases.

A．nutrition B．sanitation C．nursery D．welfare

正确答案：B

解析：hygiene卫生学。A．nutrition营养学； B．sanitation卫生学； C．nursery拖儿所；

D． welfare社会福利。

28． Brazilian music is thoroughly imbued with African themes, and illustrious composers have long found inspiration in the black musical heritage.

A．imaginative B．sensitive C．distinguished D．persistent

正确答案：C

解析：illustrious杰出的。A．imaginative虚构的； B．sensitive敏感的； C．distinguished杰出的； D．persistent持久的。

29． The Social Security Act did not include health insurance because the

commission considered that its inclusion would jeopardize the passage of the act.

A．evade B．endanger C．exclude D．enhance

正确答案：B

解析：jeopardize危害。A．evade逃避； B．endanger危害； C．exclude排除； D．enhance提高。

30． Ideally, anatomical investigation consists of a combination of descriptive and experimental approaches. Present-day anatomy involves scrutiny of the structure of organ-isms at many levels of observation.

A．analysis B．recognition C．evaluation D．examination

正确答案：D

解析：scrutiny详细审查。A．analysis分析； B．recognition识别； C．evaluation评估； D．examination审查。

31． Not until the advent of histochemistry could the anatomist see through the microscope which cells carry specific enzymes or gauge how active these enzymes are in different cells under various conditions.

A．discern B．grasp C．measure D．estimate

正确答案：C

解析：gauge测量。A．discern目睹； B．grasp抓住； C．measure测量； D．estimate估计。

32． The prevailing wind is the wind direction most often observed during a given time period. Wind speed is the rate at which the air moves past a stationary object.

A．motionless

B．massive C．flexible D．noticeable

正确答案：A

解析：stationary固定的。A．motionless不动的； B．massive厚重的； C．flexible灵活的；

D． noticeable显而易见的。

33． Britain occupied Java during the Napoleonic Wars. Both the British and later the Dutch tried to centralize and reform Java’s administration. The Dutch wavered between opening the area to individual enterprise and reverting to a monopoly system.

A．resolved B．reckoned C．hesitated D．discriminated

正确答案：C

解析：wavered动摇。A．resolved决定； B．reckoned估计； C．hesitated犹豫；

D．discriminated，歧视。

34． Although diverse, African music has certain distinctive traits, one of which is the use of repetition as an organizing principle.

A．benefits B．features C．notions D．options

正确答案：B

解析：traits特性。A．benefits好处； B．features特点； C．notions观念； D．options观点。

35． The advertising industry has resorted to self-regulation in a serious effort to curtail not only bad taste but also misrepresentation and deception in copy and illustrations.

A．avert B．deny C．exclude

D．reduce

正确答案：D

解析：curtail缩减。A．avert转移； B．deny否认； C．exclude排斥； D．reduce减少。

36． The chief functions of direct-mail advertising are to familiarize prospective buyers with a product, its name, its maker, and its merits and with the product’s local distributors.

A．potential B．responsive C．inquisitive D．perceptive

正确答案：A

解析：prospective预期的。A．potential预期的； B．responsive响应的； C．inquisitive好奇的； D．perceptive有理解的。

37． Australia began to assume its modem configuration by the Eocene Epoch, some 50 million years ago, when Antarctica broke away and drifted southward.

A．status B．sphere C．shape D．situation

正确答案：C

解析：configuration外形。A．status地位； B．sphere球； C．shape外形；

D．situation情况。

38． Education in Russia and the other new countries faces especially daunting obstacles because the struggling economies of these nations often provide insufficient funds for education.

A．stunning B．discouraging C．concerning D．prevailing

正确答案：B

解析：daunting使人畏缩的。A．stunning极好的； B．discouraging令人气馁的； C．concerning涉及； D．prevailing主要的。

39． Admiral Cervera knew he was being ordered to certain destruction but felt compelled to obey. He chose the morning of July 3 for a gallant escape attempt.

A．daring B．futile C．critical D．fruitful

正确答案：A

解析：gallant华丽的。A．daring华丽的； B．futile无用的； C．critical批评的；

D．fruitful富有成效的。

40． The Second Hague Disarmament Conference of 1907 was marked more by discord than discourse, a sign of the deteriorating world situation.

A．facilitating B．upgrading C．justifying D．worsening

正确答案：D

解析：deteriorating变坏。A．facilitating助长； B．upgrading浓缩；

C．justifying证明……是正当的； D．worsening恶化。

Error Identification 41． There is nothing in science (staling) that it is good to attempt to save human lives. Saving human lives (seems) to be a (generally held) value in most cultures of the world, but it is not (in some sense) scientifically derived.

A．staling B．seems

C．generally held D．in some sense

正确答案：D

解析：(改为：in any sense)in some sense在某些意义上；in any sense在任何意义上。

42． Theories have features that are (indicative) of their truth, and the task of justification is to identify these features and (using them) to guide choices (as to) (which theories) to believe.

A．indicative B．using them C．as to

D．which theories

正确答案：B

解析：(改为：use them)to后面接动词原形。

43． The motivation of rapists is now (acknowledged) to be a more complex matter (than being) formerly believed; it (has come) to be widely accepted that rape is not (necessarily) the result of sexual desire.

A．acknowledged B．than being C．has come D．necessarily

正确答案：B

解析：(改为：than was)than(the motivation which)was formerly believed，省略主语。

44． The view (which) elements of a culture are to be understood and judged (in terms of) their relationship to (the culture as a whole) led to the conclusion that the cultures themselves could not be (evaluated or graded as) higher and lower, superior or

A．which B．in terms of

C．the culture as a whole D．evaluated or graded as

正确答案：A

解析：(改为：that)that引导同位语从句，具体解释说明the view的含义。

45． In the United States at the time of World War Ⅱ, (when) soldiers were screened (for military service) the army defined (a minimal level) of literacy as that (was normally achieved) in the fifth grade.

A．when

B．for military service C．a minimal level

D．was normally achieved

正确答案：D

解析：(改为：normally achieved)此句不需用被动语态。

46． Another factor in the display of art objects (concerns their continued preservation). Because of the sensitivity of some of the materials (used in their creation), it is necessary to control (within narrow limits) the temperature, humidity, and lighti

A．concerns their continued preservation B．used in their creation C．within narrow limits D．which

正确答案：D 解析：(改为：to which)expose to为语组，引导定语从句时，to提前，用to which．

47． (To be measured) in terms of its members, teaching is (the world’s biggest profession). Though the roles and functions of teachers (vary from country to country), the variations are generally greater within a country than (they are) between countries.

A．To be measured

B．the world’s biggest profession C．vary from country to country D．they are

正确答案：A

解析：(改为：Measured)to+动词过去式引导状语从句，此为固定用法。

48． Recent reform efforts (have been focused) on encouraging lifelong or recurrent education to meet (changing individual and social needs). Thus, not only (the number of students has increased), (but) the scope of education has also expanded.

A．have been focused

B．changing individual and social needs C．the number of students has increased D．but

正确答案：C

解析：(改为：has the number of students increased)not only在句首时，句子应进行部分倒装。

49． The market for (manufactured goods) is (which) economists call “imperfect,” because each company has its own style; and all of the arts of advertisement and salesmanship are devoted (to making) it (even more imperfect) by attracting buyers to particul

A．manufactured goods

B．which C．to making

D．even more imperfect

正确答案：B

解析：(改为：what)what引导宾语从句，而which引导的是定语从句。

50． Further education is officially (described as) the post-secondary stage of education, (comprised) all vocational and convocational (provision made) for young people who have left school, (or for adults).

A．described as B．comprised

C．provision made D．or for adults

正确答案：B

解析：(改为：comprising)定语从句省略连接词，要用动词ing形式引导。

Word Formation

51． In Yugoslavia, the late 1960s and early 1970s were marked by improved relations with other countries, regardless of their political ______. (orient)

正确答案：orientation

52． From 1948 to 1961, the proportion of American blacks earning less than $ 3000 a year declined from 78 to 47 percent; at the same time, blacks earning more than $10.000 increased ______ from less than 1 to 17 percent. (Proportion)

正确答案：proportionally 53． Like other blacks in the western hemisphere, the ______ majority of African Americans were brought to Noah America as slaves between the 1700s and the early 1800s. (Overwhelm)

正确答案：overwhelming

54． According to Ryle, the task of philosophy is to restate “______ misleading expressions” in forms that are logically more accurate. (System)

正确答案：systematically

55． Knowledge of microscopic anatomy was greatly expanded during the 20th century as a result of the development of microscopes that provided much greater

resolution and magnification than had conventional instruments, thus revealing formerly unclear or ______ detail. (Visible)

正确答案：invisible

English-Chinese Translation

56． The only solid pieces of scientific truth about which I feel totally confident is that we are profoundly ignorant about nature. Indeed, I regard this as the major discovery of the past hundred years of biology. It would have amazed the brightest minds of the 18th century Enlightenment to be told by any of us how little we know and how bewildering seems the way ahead. It is this sudden confrontation with the depth and scope of ignorance that represents the most significant contribution of the 20th century science to the human intellect. In earlier times, we either pretended to understand how things worked or ignored the problem, or simply made up stories to fill the gaps. Now that we have begun exploring in earnest, we are getting glimpses of how huge the questions are, and how far from being answered. It is not so bad being ignorant if you are totally ignorant; the hard thing is knowing in some detail the reality of ignorance, the worst spots and here and there the not-so-had spots.

正确答案：我感到确信的惟一坚实的科学真理是，我们对自然界知之甚少(我们极大地忽视了自然)。的确，我将此看作是过去100年里生物学的主要发现。如果我们中有人告诉18世纪启蒙运动的先哲们，我们知道的如此之少，前面的路是多么的迷茫，那一定令他们甚感诧异。20世纪科学对人类智慧最重要的贡献就是使我们突然面对我们的无知，且如此之深广。早些时候，我们要么假装明白事物的运作方式，要么忽略这一问题，要么干脆就杜撰一些所谓的事实来添补空白。既然我们已开始认真的探索，我们隐约看到了问题如此之大，答案又是多么得遥不可及。如果你完全无知，那么无知本身倒不是件很坏的事情。难的是详细地了解无知这——事实，发现那些无知的地方和不那么无知的地方。(如果对于自己的无知浑然不知，事情还不会太糟，问题是我们非常清楚自己无知这一事实，以及哪些是最严重的，而哪些方面或这或那又不是那么严重。)

Writing

57． Directions: Write 200—250 words to comment on the topic given below. Use the proper space on the Answer Sheet.1. TOPIC The more I learn, the more ignorant I find myself to be.

正确答案： The More I Learn, the More Ignorant I Find Myself to Be As soon as I was enrolled in college, I felt a big burden off my mind. So did my classmates. We just wanted to relax. But at our first English lesson on how to improve our study the teacher told us, “There is no end to learning. The more you learn, the more ignorant you will find yourself to be. The only way you can do is to work hard to learn more.” The teacher’s words awakens me and reminds me of the ignorant

few who claim to have all of the answers to man and life but know less than you or I, and who, with their hands held up high, offer everything you may have wanted to know about life itself, but when pushed and pried know nothing but what they are told. Now I am a postgraduate, and life has taught me too many harsh lessons. The more I learn and experience, the more I realize how little I know. Therefore, bearing in mind the motto that there is no end to learning, I keep on my studies. I do not only learn from the books, but also from experiences, as practice makes perfect. For all of my efforts, I am fully aware of how far I am away from the sea of knowledge. The more I learn, the more ignorant I find myself to be and the more I feel the need to learn. Art is long, and life is short.