历年考研英语真题长难句解析汇总

For example, they do not compensate for gross social inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.

句子分析：

第一、句子可以拆分为三段：For example, they do not compensate for gross social inequality, / and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been / had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.

第二、句子的结构：

1)主干结构是并列句they do not compensate for..., and thus do not tell...

2) how able是表语前置，正常语序是：an underprivileged youngster might have been how able

3)最后一个句子是虚拟语气句的倒装结构：had he grown up under more favorable circumstances等于If he had grown up under more favorable circumstances

第三、词的处理：

hey 指示代词，测试

compensate for 弥补

gross social inequality 明显的社会不公

and thus 因此

ell 说明

underprivileged 贫困的、物质条件差的

under more favorable circumstances 在较好的环境下

参考译文：

例如，测试并不弥补明显的社会不公，因此它们不能说明一个物质条件差的年轻人，如果在较好的环境下成长的话，会有多大才干。

句子二：

How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted.

句子分析：

第一、句子可以拆分为三段：How well the predictions will be validated by later performance / depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom / with which it is interpreted.

第二、句子主干结构是：

1)How well...引导的被动结构是主语从句，How well是主语从句中的状语前置，depends是句子谓语

2)depends后面两个介词短语作并列宾语upon...and on...

3) the information used是名词+过去分词作定语

4)with which it is interpreted定语从句，先行词是the skill and wisdom，代词it指代the information

第三、词的处理：

be validated by 为„„所证实

depends upon 取决于

reliability 可靠性

appropriateness 适应性

interpreted 解释

参考译文：

这些测试在多大程度上为后来的表现所证实，这取决于所采用信息的数量、可靠性和适应性，以及解释这些信息的技能和才智。

句子三：

Whether to use tests, other kinds of information, or both in a particular situation depends, therefore, upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability.

句子分析：

第一、句子可以拆分为三段：Whether to use tests, other kinds of information, or both in a particular situation / depends, therefore, upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity / and upon such factors as cost and availability.

第二、句子主干结构是：Whether to use..., or both...引导主语从句，depends是句子谓语，upon... and upon...是并列结构的双宾语。

第三、词的处理：

Whether to..., or 是„„还是„„

both 指代前句的tests, other kinds of information

in a particular situation 在某一特定情况下

therefore 因此

the evidence from experience 经验依据

concerning 与„„有关的

comparative validity 相对效度

such factors as... 诸如„„等因素

参考译文：

因此，在某一特定情况下，究竟是采用测试还是其他种类的信息，或是两者兼用，须凭有关相对效度的经验依据而定，也取决于诸如费用和有无来源等因素。

句子四：

Some philosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract, as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements.

句子分析：

第一、句子可以拆分为三段：Some philosophers argue / that rights exist only within a social contract, / as part of an exchange of duties and entitlements.

第二、句子的结构：

1)主干结构是主从复合句：Some philosophers argue that...

2)that引导的是宾语从句

3)as part of...是宾语从句中的rights的主语补足语。

第三、词的处理：

argue 论证

a social contract 社会契约

as part of 作为(是)„„的一部分

entitlements 利益，权利

参考译文：

有些哲学家论证说，权利只存在社会契约中，是责任与利益相交换的一部分。

句子五：

It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans, or with no consideration at all.

句子分析：

第一、句子可以拆分为三段：It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: / it invites you to think that animals should be treated / either with the consideration humans extend to other humans, or with no consideration at all.

第二、句子的结构是：

1)it invites you to think that...后面是宾语从句。

2) animals should be treated either with..., or with...要么„„要么„„，是表示选择的方式状语。

3)the consideration后面的humans extend to other humans是定语。

第三、词的处理：

leads ...to extremes 引向极端

at the outset 从一开始

invites you to think 使人们认为

consideration 关切，体谅

humans extend to other humans 人对待人

参考译文：

这种说法从一开始就将讨论引向两个极端，它使人们认为应这样对待动物：要么像对人类自身一样关切体谅，要么完全冷漠无情。

1. The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang, first put forward in the 1920s, to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos.

【译文】巨大的宇宙云的存在，实际上是使二十年代首创的大爆炸论得以保持其宇宙起源论的主导地位所不可缺少的。

【析句】本句的主干为The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang，过去分词短语first put forward in the 1920s在句中作后置定语，修饰前面的the Big Bang。

【讲词】Big Bang是天文学的一个名词，应该译成“大爆炸”或“大爆炸理论”。put forward意为“提出”。The Council has put forward valuable concrete proposals on energy conservation.(委员会提出了宝贵而具体的节能意见。)China has put forward three historical sites for UNESCO heritage list.(中国提交三个历史名胜申请成为联合国教科文组织的世界遗产。)

UNESCO的全称是the United Nations Educational,Scientific and Cultural Organization。

2. Astrophysicists working with ground based detectors at the South Pole and balloon borne instruments are closing in on such structures,and may report their findings soon.

【译文】天体物理学家使用南极陆基探测器及球载仪器，正越来越近地观测这些云系，也许不久会报告他们的观测结果。

【析句】本句为连词and引导的并列分句，主语为Astrophysicists，现在分词短语(working with ground-based detectors at the South Pole and balloon-borne instruments)

是主语的后置定语，两个并列谓语分别为are closing in on such structures和may report their findings soon。

【讲词】to close in on意为“接近”或“快要”。AOL is closing in on launching video VoIP.(美国在线很快将推出网络视频电话。)Deadly bird flu virus is closing in on Europe.(致命的禽流感正在接近欧洲。)

ground based意为“陆基”，即基于陆地，也可以说land based。以类似方式组成的单词还有web-based(基于网络的;网上的)，如web-based email system(网络在线电邮系统)。

3. Unlike most of the world's volcanoes, they are not always found at the boundaries of the great drifting plates that make up the earth's surface; on the contrary, many of them lie deep in the interior of a plate.

【译文】和世界上大多数火山不同的是，它们并不总是在构成地球表面的巨大漂流板块之间的边界上出现;相反，许多热点处于板块较深的内部。

【析句】这是一个由两个分句组成的并列句，中间由分号隔开。在前一个分句中， Unlike most of the world’s volcanoes是一个形容词短语，修饰句子的主语they。定语从句(that make up the earth’s surface)修饰the great drifting plates。第二个分句结构较简单，注意many of them是指many of the hot spots。

【讲词】make up意为“化妆;补足;拼凑;组成;编造”等。He made up an excuse for his absence in class, which was found out.(他编了一个借口没来上课，结果被发现了。)I’ll make up the difference in the bill.(我来补上帐单的差额。)You have to make up the lost time by studying harder.(你应该更加努力学习，以弥补失去的时间。)He kissed his wife and made up with her.(他吻了妻子，和她和好了。)

4. The complementary coastlines and certain geological features that seem to span the ocean are reminders of where the two continents were once joined. 【译文】 互相吻合的海岸线和某些似乎跨越海洋的地质特征会使人想到这两个曾经是连在一起的。

【析句】 这个单句的主语是the complementary coastlines and certain geological features，后面跟了一个定语从句(that seem to span the ocean)，从句中that充当的是主语。全句的表语名词reminders跟了一个of短语结构，其中包含一个表示地点的从句。

【讲词】 reminder的意思是“暗示;有提醒作用的人或物”。The museum serves as a reminder of the crimes committed against the people of Nanjing.(纪念馆提醒人们不要忘记南京人民所遭受的暴行。)

span作名词表示“跨度;范围”，作动词时意为“横越”。Richard Carleton, an award-winning journalist whose career in Australian television spanned 40 years, died on Sunday.(理查德·卡尔顿星期天去世，这位多次获奖的记者曾在澳大利亚的电视机构工作了40年。)The Thames is spanned by many bridges. (泰晤士河上架设了许多桥梁。) 5. If the small hot spots look as expected, that will be a triumph for yet another scientific idea, a refinement of the Big Bang called the inflationary universe theory.

【译文】假如那些小热点看上去同预计的一致，那就意味着又一科学理论获得了胜利，这种理论完善了大爆炸论，亦称宇宙膨胀说。

【析句】本句是一个主从复合句，从句是if引导的条件从句，主句是that will be a triumph for yet another scientific idea，a refinement of the Big Bang called the inflationary universe theory是another scientific idea的同位语，其中过去分词短语(called the inflationary universe theory)是a refinement of the Big Bang的后置定语。

【讲词】refinement意为“提炼，精致，文雅”。A refinement of the Big Bang意思是the refined Big Bang theory,说明这种学说或理论完善了大爆炸论。此外，the inflationary universe theory应翻译成“宇宙膨胀理论”或“宇宙膨胀说”。

inflationary意为“膨胀的”，其动词形式是inflate。He was inflated with his success in the exams.(他因在考试中取得好成绩而洋洋自得。)对应名词inflation可以表示“通货膨胀”。Inflation erodes the purchasing power of the families with lower income.(通货膨胀使低收入家庭的购买力不断下降。)

6. Odd though it sounds, cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementary particle physics, and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true. 【译文】 宇宙膨胀说虽然听似奇特，但它是基本粒子物理学中一些公认的理论在科学上看来可信的推论。许多天体物理学家七、八年来一直认为这一论说是正确的。

【析句】 本句是一个主从复合句，Odd though it sounds是个倒装的条件句，其正常的语序应该是Though it sounds odd。主句是由连词and 连接的两个并列分句。应注意代词it指代cosmic inflation。另外，for the better part of a decade的意思是for more than half of a decade，故翻译成“七八年”。

【讲词】 plausible意为“似是而非的”，即听上去奇特，但是却是有道理的。a plausible excuse(看似有理的借口)。I think that is a plausible conclusion based on what we now know.(我认为根据我们所了解的情况，这个结论其实并没有什么道理可言。)

1. After six months of arguing and final 16 hours of hot parliamentary debates, Australia's Northern Territory became the first legal authority in the world to allow doctors to take the lives of incurably ill patients who wish to die. 【译文】经过6个月争论和最后16个小时的国会激烈辩论，澳大利亚北部地区(澳北州)成为世界上第一个允许医生根据绝症病人个人意愿来结束其生命的合法当局。 【析句】句子的主体结构是Australia's Northern Territory became the first legal authority。句首成分After six months of arguing and final 16 hours of hot parliamentary debates是作状语的介词词组，动词不定式to allow doctors to take the lives of incurably ill patients who wish to die相当于定语从句which allows doctors to take the lives of incurably ill patients who wish to die，修饰the first legal authority。

【讲词】to take the life of sb和to take sb’s life意思是“结束某人的生命”。A car bombing took the life of a 61-year-old man.(汽车夺去了一位61岁老头的生命。)I didn’t understand how you could take the life of an innocent animal.(我不明白你怎么能杀死一个无辜的动物。)

2. The full import may take a while to sink in. The NT Rights of the Terminally I’ll law has left physicians and citizens alike trying to deal with its moral and practical implications.

【译文】充分理解这一法案的深刻意义可能需要一段时间。《澳北州晚期病利法》实施以后，无论是内科医生还是普通市民同样都在试图把握法案的道德及实际意义。 【析句】第一句一个简单句。第二句较为复杂，实际上这句话可以这么解释：With the NT Rights of the Terminally I’ll law in place, physicians and citizens alike trying to deal with its moral and practical implications。我们可以把The NT Rights of the Terminally I’ll law理解成一种原因。

【讲词】deal with意为“安排;处理;涉及”。The book deals with this problem.(这本书论述了这个问题。)The teacher deals fairly with his pupils.(这个教师公平地对待他的学生。)How to deal with the fact that many students can not find jobs?(怎样解决学生的就业问题?)

3. Some have breathed sighs of relief, others, including churches,

right-to-life groups and the Australian Medical Association, bitterly attacked the bill and the haste of its passage. But the tide is unlikely to turn back. 【译文】一些人如释重负，另一些人，包括教会、生命权利组织以及澳大利亚医学会成员都对这一决议及其仓促的通过进行了猛烈抨击。但是这一潮流已经不可能逆转。 【析句】第一句由两个表示对比的句子组成：Some have breathed„ others„ bitterly attacked„，其中others之后是介词词组(including churches，right-to-life groups and the Australian Medical Association)，作others的同位语。 its passage中的its指代前面提到的the bill。第二句与第一句是转折关系。

【讲词】tide本意是“潮水，潮汐”，句中的含义是“趋势，趋向”。turn the tide意为“使形势转变，改变局面”。We are going in the wrong direction and need the government to help turn the tide.(我们犯了方向性错误，我们需要改变这一形势。) 4、 In Australia—where an aging population, life-extending technology and changing community attitudes have all played their part—other states are going to consider making a similar law to deal with euthanasia.

【译文】在澳大利亚，出于人口老龄化、延长寿命技术和公众态度的变化等原因，其他的州也在考虑通过类似的法律来解决安乐死的问题。

【析句】这个句子的主体结构是other states are going to consider making a similar law to deal with euthanasia。句首的In Australia是地点状语，后面跟了一个定语从句(where an aging population, life-extending technology and changing community attitudes have all played their part)，进一步解释Australia的具体情况。

【讲词】play a part意为“发挥或起到作用”。The US must play its part in abolishing tariffs or the earth summit will fail.(美国必须采取行动废除关税，否则地球峰会就将失败。)France is ready to play its part in enhancing India's nuclear status.(法国正准备尽力加强印度的核地位。)

5. For Lloyd Nickson, a 54-year-old Darwin resident suffering from lung cancer, the NT Rights of Terminally I’ll law means he can get on with living without the haunting fear of his suffering: a terrifying death from his breathing condition. 【译文】对于居住于达尔文现年54岁的肺癌患者利奥德·尼克森来说，这个法律意味着他可以平静地生活下去，无须整天惧怕即将来临的苦难：因呼吸困难而痛苦地死去。 【析句】注意句子的主干是the NT Rights of Terminally I’ll law means，全句的宾语是he can get on with living without the haunting fear of his suffering。For Lloyd Nickson,a 54-year-old Darwin resident suffering from lung cancer作句子的状语，其中a 54-year-old Darwin resident suffering from lung cancer是Lloyd Nickson的同位语。句末的a terrifying death from his breathing condition是his suffering的同位语。

【讲词】haunt除了表示“闹鬼”之外，常用的词义有“困惑;经常光顾”。I was haunted by the idea that she might die any time.(我的心头老是想到她随时都会死去。)I was haunted by his last words to me.(他向我说的最后的话萦绕在我的心头。)This is the bar he used to haunt.(他过去常到这个酒吧来。)

6. But even more important, it was the farthest that scientists had been able to look into the past, for what they were seeing were the patterns and structures that existed 15 billion years ago.

【译文】但更为重要的是，这是科学家们所能观测到的最遥远的过去的景象，因为他们看到的是150亿年前的形状和结构。

【析句】这是一个主从复合句。主句是一个it强调句，从句表示原因。在从句中， what they were seeing是主语，从句that existed 15 billion years ago为the pattern and structures的定语。

【讲词】pattern虽有“模式”的意思，但在句中应理解为“形状，形态”。see的意思当然是“看，看见”，但由于科学家并非是用肉眼看到宇宙云，所以应该译成“观测”。