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动名词的用法

来源:化拓教育网
1. 动名词:

动名词的形式是动词+ing,动名词从它的名称上就知道它具有动词和名词的功能,因此它在句中,可

作主语、表语、宾语、定语。 下面我们就它的句法功能一一例举:

(1)动名词作主语:

a. Fishing is a relaxing pastime. 垂钓是一种轻松的消遣。

Climbing a mountain is tiring. 登山很累。

b. 在某些形容词如good,boring,foolish,wonderful,use-less,difficult,nice等作表语,动名词作主

语时,可用it作形式主语。如:

his boring watching TV all day. 整天看电视非常枯燥。

It is difficult translating poems into other languages. 把诗词译成其他语言很难。

c. 但在有些形容词如important,essential,impossible,necessary等作表语时,主语只能用动词不定式,

而不能用动名词。如:It's important to keep fit. 身体健康是很重要的。

d. 在It is+no good/no use/fun等名词作表语时,后用动名词。这时it 也是形式主语,而动名词短语为

主语。如:

It's fun sailing in the sea. 在海上航行是很有趣的。

e. 我们常见的标语牌“禁止……”是由“No+动名词”构成。

如:

No parking. 禁止停车。 No smoking.禁止吸烟。

(2)动名词作表语:

My favorite pastime is playing chess. 我的最大的业余爱好是下棋。

(3)动名词作宾语:

a. 作某些及物动词的宾语:

常见的动词有:advise,avoid,delay,escape,excuse,en-joy,consider,finish,deny,fancy,keep,

mind(在乎)

postphone,pardon,practise,suggest,imagine等。need,want,require后接动名词,表示被动意义。

如:

Would you mind opening the door?请你把门打开好吗?

Fancy meeting you here. 真想不到在这里遇见你。

有些动词如think,find,consider可用it作形式宾语。

如:

I think it use less talking to such a man. 我想对这样的人谈话是无用的。

We found it great fun collecting stamps. 我们发现集邮很有趣。

b. 作介词的宾语:

He left without saying good-bye to us. 他没有和我们道别就离开了。

On arriving at the airport,I saw my mother standing in the crowd,waving to me. 一到机场,我就看见我

母亲站在人群中,向我招手。

c. 作某些词组的宾语:

常见的词组有give up,go on,put off,can't help,can't stand,be worth,be devoted to,be accustomed to,be used to,object to insist on,look forward to,besure of,be keen on,be fond of,be good at,be tired of,

be interested in,be afraid of等。例:

I'm looking forward to having the summer holiday in Kun-ming. 我盼望去昆明度暑假。

He gave up smoking several months ago. 几个月前,他戒烟了。

某些词组后接动名词作宾语时,可省略词组中的介词。常见的词组如下:

He spends hours(in)reading newspapers everyday.他每天花数小时阅读报纸。

We mustn't waste time(in)arguing.我们不能浪费时间争论。

The young doctor lacks experience(in)doing such kind of operation. 那年轻的医生在动这种手术上缺乏

经验。

我们必须阻止这些十多岁的孩子吸烟。

他们讲英语(没)有困难。

We had a hard time(in)finding jobs. 我们一度找工作找得很苦。

They earn a living(by)doing housework for other families.

他们为别的家庭做家务来谋生计。

(4)动名词作定语:

This swimming pool is big. 这个游泳池很大。

动名词作定语的词组有:

a sleeping car 卧铺车厢; a dining-room 餐厅; a walking stick 文明杖; a waiting-room 候车室;

a shopping centre 购物中心;等等。

2. 动名词与不定式的区别:

(1)一般来说,动名词表示的是一般或笼统的动作,而不定式则往往表示具体的或一次性的动作。

试比较:

(2)有些动词后既可用动名词,也可用不定式,但有的意义一样,有的意义却不同。如:

a. 在need,want,require后接动名词和动词不定式的被动式,意义相同,都表示被动,并都带有在客

观上需要……的意思。如:

这电视机需要修理。

这小孩需要照顾。

这台洗衣机需要检查。

b. 在begin,start,continue后接动名词和不定式都可以,一般情况下意义相同。如:

去年他们开始打篮球。

但如果碰到以下情况,begin和start后须用动词不定式:

(a)主语是物:

The milk began to boil. 牛奶开始煮沸了。

(b)后接心理活动或状态的动词:

They began to know the danger ahead of them. 他们开始意识到他们有危险。

(c)begin和start用于进行时态:

They were starting to have dinner when 1 went in. 我进去时他们刚要吃饭。

(d)后接被动式:

The TV tower started to be built several years ago. 电视塔是在几年前开始建造的。

c. 在hate,like,love,prefer后可接动名词,也可接不定式,但意义不同,接动名词表示经常发生的

动作,而接动词不定式则表示某一具体的动作。如:

d. 在remember,forget,regret后接动名词表示已做过的事,而接动词不定式表示动作还未发生。如:

e. 又如mean,try,go on,stop后接动名词和动词不定式,意义完全不同:

meandoing意味着……/mean to do 想……

His breaking the arm meant his doing things carelessly. 他摔坏了手臂意味着他做事粗心。

I meant to say I was sorry. 我想说声对不起。

try doing试试看(用某种方法)/try to do设法、试图If you can't work out the problem this way,

try doing it in that way. 如你用这种方法做不出这道题,试用那种方法。

I'm trying to open the door,but I don't think I can. 我正设法打开门,但我想我是徒劳的。

go on doing继续干某事/go on to do接着又去干另外一件事。

He was reading when he beard the door bell. He opened the door and went on reading. 他在看书时听到门

铃响。他开了门又继续看书。

When he finished doing his homework,he went on to practise playing the piano. 他做完作业后,接着又练

习弹钢琴了。

stop doing sth. 停止做某事。stop to do sth. 停下来去做某事。如:

Would you please stop talking?Let's listen to the story. 请你们停止说话,我们来听故事。

I'm tired. I want to stop to have a rest. 我很累。我想停下来休息一会。

f. be afraid of+动名词与be afraid+动词不定式的区别:

be afraid of+动名词表示“害怕并希望避免可以预料的后果”。如:

He was afraid of taking the exam because he thought he might fail. 因为他想他可能会不通过,所以他害怕

参加考试。

be afraid+动词不定式表示“怕有某种后患而不敢做某事”。如:

She was afraid to walk in the dark street. 她怕在黑暗的街道上走路。

3.动名词的逻辑主语:

(1)动名词的逻辑主语一般用名词所有格(××’s)或物主代词(my,your,his,her,our,their)充

当。这种用名词所有格或物主代词+动名词构成的形式叫复合结构。如:

Would you mind my opening the door?我开门,你介意吗?(c. f. Would you mind opening the door?请

把门打开。第一句是让你去开门,第二句是我来开门。)

(2)在口语中和非正式文体中常用人称代词宾格作动名词的逻辑主语。如:

The doctor suggested them having their health check-up once a year. 医生建议他们每年检查一次身体。

(3)但如果有下列情况,必须用名词通格和人称代词宾格作逻辑主语。

a. 逻辑主语是无生命事物或名词词组:

The news of the newly opened bank being robbed of wasre-ally unbelievable. 新开张的银行被抢的消息简

直不可相信。

b. 逻辑主语是不定代词或指示代词:

I don't mind this fish being cooked this way. 我不介意这鱼这样来煮。

Last night,I was frightened by someone knocking at the door. 昨晚,我被敲门声吓了一跳。

c. 逻辑主语是由—s结尾的名词:

What made me annoyed was the students calling nicknames to each other. 使我恼火的是学生互相叫外号。

(4)介词+动名词结构作状语的逻辑主语应与主句的主语相一致。如:

On seeing her mother,she began to cry.(She saw her mother. She began to cry.)她一见到她的母亲,

就哭了。

4. 动名词的否定式:

动名词的否定形式是在动名词前加not。例如:

His not coming to the party made me angry.他不来参加聚会使我恼火。

5. 动名词的被动式:

动名词的被动式,即being+过去分词。例如:

The boy likes being praised in public. 那孩子喜欢在大庭广众前受到表扬。

6. 动名词的完成式:

动名词的完成式,即having+过去分词,强调动名词的动作发生在谓语动词动作的前面,但也可以用

一般式:

错误辨析

(1)睡觉前,我们应该锁门。

误:Before going to bed,the door should be locked. 正:Before going to bed,we should lock the door.

析:动名词的逻辑主语应当和主句的主语相一致,如上句Before going to bed中going to bed的逻辑主

语应是句中的we,而不是the door。

(2)那澳大利亚老师已习惯用筷子吃饭了。

误:That Australian teacher has got used to eat with chop-sticks.

正:That Australian teacher has got used to eating with chopsticks.

析:get used to中的to是介词,所以后面应该接动名词,但used to(过去常常)中的to是不定式to,

所以后接动词原形,如:He used to ride his bike to school. 他过去常骑车去学校。

(3)那男孩不断地提问题。

误:The boy kept to ask questions. 正:The boy kept asking questions.

析:keep后要用动名词,表示“不断……”。

(4)在交测验卷之前,你应该检查一遍试卷。

误:Before handing in your test paper,it is necessary to go over the whole paper.

正:Before handing in your test paper,you should go over the whole paper.

正:Before you hand in your test paper,you should go over the whole paper.

析:错在it不是handing in的逻辑主语,而you才是它的逻辑主语。正句的第2句用状语从句,同样

正确。

(5)你有任何什么值得阅读的东西吗?

误:Have you got anything worth to read? 正:Have you got anything worth reading?

析:be worth后用动名词短语。

(6).你可停止看电视了?你看了太久了。

误:Would you please stop to watch TV?You have watched it for too long.

正:Would you please stop watching TV?You have watched it for too long.

析:stop doing sth. 是停止正在干的那件事,而stop to do是停下来去干另一件事。

(7)我父亲告诉我,他常带我去那个公园,但我不记得曾被带到那公园去过。

误:My father told me that he often took me to the park before,but I don't remember to be taken to the park.

正:My father told me that he often took me to the park before,but I don't remember being taken to the park.

析:remember doing表示“记得曾做过某事”,而remember to do则表示“记得去做某事”。

(8)做太多的练习是没有用的。

误:It's no use to do too many exercises. 正:It's no use doing too many exercises.

析:It's no use后接动名词短语,作句子的主语。

(9)他坚持要我们和他们一起做游戏。

误:He insisted on we playing the game with them.

正:He insisted on our playing the game with them.

析:动名词的逻辑主语应该是物主代词。

(10)你的西装需要烫一下。

误:Your suit needs to iron. 正:Your suit needs ironing. 正:Your suit needs to be ironed.

析:need后接动名词短语或动词不定式的被动式(to be done)表示被动意义。

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