研究生英语课后翻译(农林类英语书)

Unit 1

It may also refer to industrial agriculture，（often referred to as factory farming）long prevalent in developed nations and increasingly so elsewhere, which consists of obtaining financial income from the cultivation of land to yield produce, the commercial raising of animals(animal husbandry), or both.

它也指产业化农业（通常称之为工厂化农业），这种农业生产方式在发达国家已经实施了很多年，并且将逐渐在其他地方得到普遍发展。它通过耕种土地获取农产品、商业化牲畜饲养或两者皆做的方式来取得经济效益。

Hydroponics, a method of soilless gardening in which plants are grown in chemical nutrient solutions, may help meet the need for greater food production as the world's population increases.

水培法是一种无水栽培法，植物在化学营养液中生长。随着世界人口的增长，这种方法可能有助于满足人们对食物产量不断增长的需要。 Airplanes, helicopters, trucks and tractors are used in agriculture for seeding, spraying operations for insect and disease control, aerial topdressing, transporting perishable products, and fighting forest fires 喷气式飞机、直升机、卡车和拖拉机等都被用于农业生产来播种、喷洒农药以控制病虫害、空中追肥、运输易腐烂的农产品以及扑救森林

火灾等。

Increasing consumer awareness of agricultural issues has led to the rise of community-supported agriculture, local food movement, slow food, and commercial organic farming, though these yet remain fledgling industries。

越来越多的消费者意识到了产业化农业存在的问题，从而催生了一些新兴事物：社区型农业，“本地食物运动”，“慢食运动”，以及商业化有机农业的发展。

Intensive agriculture also depletes the fertility of the land over time and the end effect is that which happened in the Middle east, were some of the most fertile farmland in the world was turned into a desert by intensive agriculture.

随着时间的推移，集约化农业也会耗尽土地的肥力，从而最终导致出现中东地区那样的结局：集约化农业把世界上最肥沃的农田变成了一片荒漠。

What is taken out of the environment is put back in, So resources such as water, soil and air can be replenished and are available to future generations.

从环境中获取的东西又被还之于环境，因此水、土壤和空气等能够重新得以补给，从而使子孙后代得以继续使用这些资源。

Unit 2

It is obvious that the magnitude of today's environmental damage is not the result of one year 's agricultural use of the land. Rather, it is the accumulated damage of many years 。

显然目前这种环境破坏的程度非一年的农业生产所致,而是多年农耕带来的累积后果。

Natural parks and other gazetted areas have been invaded by settlers looking for land to cultivate crops or graze their animals.

一些人定居于自然公园和勘定的保护区域来种植庄稼或放牧牲畜。 The administrators, steeped in bureaucratic thinking have branded the farmers and cattle keepers as callous, ignorant and irresponsible. 充斥着官僚思想的管理者给农民和牧场主打上了冷淡的、无知的和不负责任的标签。

Environment use and management is dispersed in several Government and Non-governmental Organizations. Unfortunately there are no operational coordinating mechanisms at most levels.

环境的使用和管理权被分散于各个不同的部门和一些非组织中,不幸的是,在大多数层面上这些机构之间都没有业务协调机制 Low level of nutrition, increasing numbers of people, unreliable crop production due to physical and climatic constraints, greater demands or limited land resources, and problems of national finance and foreign exchange earnings all impose the need for intensification and expansion

of agriculture。

以下这些情况都要求强化和扩大农业生产:营养水平低下、人口数量增长、由于自然和气候因素导致的作物产量不稳定、对有限耕地资源越来越大的需求以及国家财政收入和外汇收入的问题等。

MAAIF is implementing in ten pilot districts, a project on the integration of Family Life Education messages into the Extension services. 农牧渔业部正在十个试点地区开展项目来把家庭生活教育信息整合到整个农业推广服务中去。

Unit 3

While extinction is a natural process (generally, a species will last for an average of 2-10 million years ），species and ecosystems today are threatened with destruction at a rate rarely seen in history

灭绝是一个自然过程(平均来说,一个物种通常会持续存在200万~1000万年),而今天的物种和生态系统正在以历史上罕见的速度受到威胁与破坏。

These species are harmful to native biodiversity in a number of ways, for example, as competitors, predators, parasites, or by spreading disease. 在很多方面,这些物种对于当地的生态是有害的。比如,它们可能成为竞争者、捕食者、寄生者或者疾病传播者。

Although nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur occur naturally in the environment, their levels are increasing because of human activity ，reaching concentrations that are putting species at risk.

虽然氮、磷、硫在环境中自然存在,但是由于人类的活动,它们的浓度水平在不断上升,已经达到了威胁物种生存的水平。

Excess pollutants can also leave a species weakened, susceptible to other drivers of biodiversity loss such as habitat change or competition from invasive species

污染物过多也可以削弱物种的生存力,使该物种更易受到以下因素的影响, 如栖居地环境的变化和来自入侵物种的竞争等,这些都是致使生物多样性丧失的原因。

Human activity has taken a heavy toll on the Earth's biodiversity, through habitat destruction, degradation, and unsustainable management. 人类活动已经通过各种方式,如破坏和恶化栖居环境和不可持续的管理方法等,对地球上的生物多样性造成了严重的破坏。

Biodiversity also provides the critical‘ecosystem services’on which development depends, including air and water purification，Soil conservation, disease control, and reduced vulnerability to natural disasters such as floods, droughts and landslides。

生态多样性也可以提供发展所依赖的关键性“生态系统服务”,这些服务包括空气和水的净化、水土保持、疾病控制以及增强对抗洪水、干旱和滑坡等自然灾害的能力。

Unit 4

A depleting water table and a rise in salinity due to overuse of chemical fertilizers and pesticides has made matters serious. Various methods of water harvesting and recharging have been and are being applied all over the world to tackle the problem.

化肥和杀虫剂的过度使用致使地下水日益枯竭,水体盐分升高,这一情况更加剧了我们所面临的问题。全世界范围,我们已经而且正在采用各种各样的方法进行水的收集和补给,来应对这个问题。

Rain-fed agriculture is at the mercy of two things: rain and the capacity of soil to capture and store that rain. While farmers can't do much to make it rain, they can do a lot to retain rainfall in the soil 。The rainfall that infiltrates and remains in the soil- also called green water -is the largest fresh water resource and the basis of rain-fed agriculture.

雨浇农业取决于两个因素:雨水和土壤收集、储存雨水的能力。尽管农民不能左右降雨,但他们可以想办法留住土壤中的雨水。渗透并留在土壤中的降水,也称作绿水,是最大的淡水来源也是雨浇农业的基础。

Modest measures like mulching, conservation tillage, and small-scale water harvesting can increase infiltration by as much as two to three fold. Other methods Include terracing, contouring and micro-basins that also increase green water and reduce run-off。

覆盖,保护性耕作和小规模水收集等适度措施可以提高水的渗透率两

到倍。其他方法也可以增加绿水,减少流失,如梯田,等高线耕作,微平原。

Green water is ignored by engineers because they can't pipe or pump it, by economists because they can't price it, and by governments because they can't tax it

绿水被工程师所忽视因为他们既不能用管道输送又不能用泵抽取绿水;被经济学家所忽视因为他们不能对绿水定价;被所忽视因为不能对其征税。

If you're an engineer, economist, or government official, blue water investment in costly irrigation networks may make sense, but if you're a farmer loosing precious rainfall from your land it surely doesn't 如果你是一个工程师,经济学家或,投资蓝水去建设昂贵的灌溉系统在你看来是有道理的,但如果你是一个农民,让宝贵的雨水从土地中白白流失却一定是让人无法理解的。

Green water credits is a mechanism for direct payment to people in rural areas in return for water management activities which are presently unrecognized and unrewarded. Benefits to poor people drive this initiative which, at the same time, safeguards water resources and food security for everyone.

绿水信贷是直接支付给农村地区人们水管理活动费的一种机制,目前农村的水管理活动不被承认且没有补偿。该机制给穷人所带来的利益会促使这一举措的开展,同时也能够有效保护水资源及每个人的食品

安全。

The small-scale of green water investments make them ideal for distributed，collaborative microloans that altogether bypass large funding agents.

绿水投资的小规模特点是分配型,合作型小额贷款的理想条件,同时它也可以避开一些大基金会。

Unit 5

Many rural people in developing countries rely directly on natural resource and the environment for agriculture, livestock husbandry, fishing, basic materials, and fuel-to meet their own subsistence requirements and to sell in markets for cash income.

许多发展中国家的村民直接依赖自然资源和环境来发展农业、牲畜养殖渔业,来获得基本的物资和燃料,以满足他们基本的生存需要,同时在市场上销售来获得现金收入。

A contingent valuation study of mangrove-dependent coastal communities in Micronesia demonstrated that the communities' place some value on the existence and ecosystem functions of mangroves over and above the value of mangroves' marketable products'.

一个偶然的对密克罗尼西亚沿海居民依赖红树状况的评估研究表明,他们看待红树生存和生态功能的价值远远超过红树作为销售商品的

价值。

Evidence from Kenya indicates that coral reefs may also be critical to larval dispersal to fishing areas, which could affect the effectiveness of marine reserves and closed fishing grounds in inducing stock recovery and thus eventual re-opening to fishing.

从肯尼亚获得的证据表明,珊瑚礁对幼虫在捕鱼区域的分散起着重要作用。它能影响海洋储备的有效性,促进封闭捕鱼区内原料恢复,进而最终提高再次开放捕鱼的有效性

Forested watersheds in developing regions also provide a number of hydrological services that can impact the livelihoods of the poor, such as water filtration/purification; seasonal flow regulation; erosion and sediment control; and habitat preservation.

在发展中国家用森林作为分水岭也可提供很多水利服务来影响穷人的生活,比如水的净化、季节水流的、腐蚀和沉淀的控制以及栖息地的保存

As the floods abate and recede, crops are planted in the naturally irrigated soils，fish are caught more easily in the retreating waters, and the increased alluvial deposits increase the biological productivity of forests, wildlife, and other harvested resources.

随着洪水的退去,谷物就可在自然灌溉的土壤中生长,鱼儿在退去后的水域中更容易被捕获,加厚的冲积物可以增加森林、野生物和其他收获资源的生物生产力。

Ultimately, however, it is the lack of access of the rural poor in less favored areas to well-functioning and affordable markets for credit insurance and land, and the high transportation and transaction costs that prohibit the poorest households in remote areas to engage in off-farm employment, which are the major long run obstacles that need to be addressed.

然而,最终,自然条件贫瘠地区的穷人是因为难以通过功能良好、支付能力充足的市场获得信贷、保险和土地,以及高额的交通和交易成本,使得这些偏远地区的穷人无法从事一些非农的工作。这些也是一些主要需要克服的长期障碍。

Unit 6

Although there are important and valid concerns about environmental impact and consumer safety, the issue of GM foods has been caught up in other, more general, well-publicized worries about the power and influence of multinational industries, especially in chemical and biotechnology areas.

尽管人们对转基因食品的环境影响和消费者安全有着重要而合理的担忧，但转基因食品的问题已经被其他更普遍、更广为人知关于工业的力量和影响的担忧所困扰，尤其是在化学和生物技术领域。 The advantages to the consumer are, at present, more nebulous, consequently a risk-benefit analysis is weighted heavily on the side of risk however small that may be.

目前(新科技)对消费者带来的好处更加模糊。结果是对风险利益的分析更多的偏重在风险这一边,不管这风险有多小。

Man has genetically modified crops and animals by conventional means for thousands of years, with the aim of improving yield, enhancing disease resistance, altering (in some cases improving) taste, and maximizing growth in adverse conditions such as drought and low temperatures

人类用传统的手段对庄稼和动物进行基因调整已经有千年的历史了。

转基因的目的是改进产量,提高抗疾病能力,(在某些情况下)改良口味,以及在干旱或低温等的恶劣情况下,确保增长最大化。

In contrast to these conventional breeding methods, modern molecular-biology techniques allow a gene that governs a specific trait to be identified cloned and inserted into a plant. In theory, therefore, there are enormous advantages in the specificity of the initial genetic-modification process, and hence savings in time and cost in selecting out undesirable traits.

与这些传统的培育手段不同的是,现代分子生物学技术允许控制某个特定特征的基因被识别、克隆,然后被注入植物中。因而,从理论上讲,这种最初基因改良过程中的特定性,存在巨大的优势,因而在随后筛选出我们不需要的特征时,节省了时间和成本

Concern has been raised about the potential of pleiotropic or unintended effects, for example, altered gene expression leading to increased levels anti-nutrients, novel toxins or allergens, as a result of the insertion event. It is important to note, however, that conventional breeding methods allow similar opportunities for induction of unintended effects, due to genetic rearrangements or insertion of foreign genes into regulatory regions altering gene expression.

对潜在效果的多向性和不可预测性,还是存在担忧,比如,因注入行为而改变了的基因表达,会不利于营养素的吸收,增加毒素或过敏原。然而,同样重要的是我们应该注意到,传统的培育手段也会给一些不想要

的效果以类似的可乘之机。因为基因的重组或外来基因注入调整区域会改变基因的表达。

Furthermore, incorporation of any foods, whether conventional or novel, at high levels into animal diets can disturb the nutrition of the animal, resulting in adverse effects that make it difficult to detect any effect of a specific GM-derived component. This factor, coupled with the relatively higher level of intake by human subjects, means that safety margins for intake cannot be determined.

而且,任何事物,不管是传统的还是新奇的,以大量的形式加入到动物的饮食中都能干扰动物的营养,导致不良的后果,从而加大了探测由某个特定转基因元素带来的不良后果的难度。这个方面,连同人体相对比较高的摄入量,就意味着人体摄入的安全系数不能被确定。

以上为本学期研究生英语阅读中的部分翻译内容，也是本学期课后作业，希望大家认真背诵，熟读熟记，为后面从事专业性研究打下坚实基础。同时也为本学期研究生英语期末考试做好准备。