英语中省略句的用法与讲解

定义：省略句是英语的一种习惯用法;按照语法的分析,句子应该具备的成分,有时出于修辞上的需要,为了避免重复、突出新信息使上下文紧密连接的修辞手段;

省略的部分：单词、短语、分句,都可以省略,而且各有一定的衔接关系,不容臆断 一、哪些部分可以省略 一省略单词

1、省略介词

He spent four hours in going over his lessons. 他花了四个小时复习功课; I ' ve studied Eng1ish for five years. 我已学五年英语了; 2、省略连词

I believe that you will succeed ． 我相信你们会成功的; It ' s a pity that he ' s leaving. 他要走,真遗憾; I ' m sure that she will help you. 我肯定她会帮你的; 3、省略关系代词

I ' ll give you all that I have. 我要把我所有的一切都给你; He read the book which I got yesterday. 他看过我昨天买的书了; 二、省略句子成分 1、省略主语

Beg your pardon. 我请你原谅; Beg 前省略了主语 I Take care 当心 Take 前省略了主语 you

Looks as if it will rain. 看起来象要下雨; Looks 前省略了主语 it 2、省略谓语

Who next 该谁了 Who 后面省略了谓语 comes

The river was deep and the ice thin. ice 后面省略了 was

We ' ll do the best we can. 我们将尽力而为; can 后面省略了动词 do 3、省略表语

Are you ready Yes, I am. 你准备好了吗 我准备好了; am 后面省略了 ready

He was a lover of sports as he had been in his youth. 他还是象年轻时那样,是一位运动爱好者; had been 后面省略了 a lover of sports 4、省略宾语

Let ' s do the dishes. I ' ll wash and you ' ll dry. 让我们洗碗吧,我来洗,你来揩干; wash 和 dry 后面省略了宾语 dishes 5、省略定语

He spent part of the money, and the rest he saved. 那钱他花了部分,其余的他都存了起来; the rest 后面省略了定语 of the money 6、省略状语

He was not hurt. Strange 他没有受伤,真奇怪 Strange 前面省略了状语 how 二、什么句式中可以省略

1. 简单句中的省略： 在对话中,交谈双方都知道谈论的对象,则可以省略句子的主语,省略主语和谓语的现象在交际用语中出现的很多; 如省略it 和 主语 I 1Looks like rain. it

2Hope to hear from you soon. I 3Sounds like a good idea.

2. 并列句中的省略：在并列句中,相同的成分如主语,谓语,宾语等都可以省略： 1They learn French and we English.

2My father planned and built all these houses. 3John won the first race and Jimmy the second. 3. 复合句中的省略：

定语从句：1That’s the reason he is late for the conference.

状语从句：1If heated, water will boil. 2Tom was attacked by cramp while swimming across the river. 宾语从句：如果宾语从句中的谓语部分与主句的谓语部分或上文的谓语部分相同,可将从句部分的谓语省略; 1We will do what we candoto help you. 2—Is Mr. King in his office

—Sorry, I don’t knowwhether he is in his office or not.

4. 动词不定式的省略：在动词不定式结构中,为避免重复,常常省略不定式结构中的动词原形,只保留to;

1—Would you like to go with us

—I’m glad to, but I have to finish my homework.

在used to, ought to, have to, would like/love to, wish to, be going to等结构中,常常省略to后面的动词原形; 1They do not visit their parents as much as they ought to

2He doesn’t get up early as he used to. 3I’ll hand it in if I have to. 4—Would you like to come tonight —I’d love to.

Tell , warn , order , advise , ask等动词的宾语后接动词不定式做宾语补足语时,可以省略to后的动词原形; 1He wanted to swim across the river but I warned him not to.

2The boy wanted to play football in the street, but his mother told him not to.

三、特殊用法

一、原文“空缺”,译文“增补”

两个主语不同的句子,谓语有相同部分,也有不同部分,如果用连词连接起来进行对比,则其相同部分在后面分句中可以省略,这样,后面分句中就出现“空缺”现象;“空缺”处通常被省略的是动词,或动词及其宾语、补足语等;汉译时不妨采用“补齐”的方法; 例如：A sound must be heard,a colour seen,a flavour tasted,an odour inhaled．,颜色必须目视,滋味必须口尝,气味必须鼻吸;后三句省略 must be Histories make

men wise；mathematic logic and rhetoric able to contend．；数学使人精细；逻辑和修辞使人善辩;原文后两句省略make men 二、英语状语从句中的省略部分可不译

than引出的比较从句中,套有when引导的时间从句或if引导的条件从句,而且该比较从句中的省略部分与整个句子的主要结构一致时则比较从句的省略部分可省略不译;例如：

My uncle is better than when I wrote to我伯父的身体比我上次给你去信时好些了．．．than后面省略了he was 三、对英语中一些特殊省略结构译法需灵活,指的是按正常语法规则分析,有的无法增补,有的要用不同的方式来增补,使之成为完全句;因此,汉译英时,视上下文加以灵活处理; 1．“宾语＋主语＋谓语……and ＋谓语”结构

其中and连接的,是用作不同成分的同一个词,这个词既是第一分句的宾语,又是第二分句的主语;此结构的特点是,把宾语提到句首,使之兼任后一分句的主语,达到简化句子结构的目的;汉译时,可仍先译宾语,不必改变原文的语序;例如：

This substance we call water,and come next only to oxygen．这种物质称为水,其重要性仅次于氧;＝We call this substance water,and this substance comes next only to oxygen．

2．以“Hence ＋名词”开头的结构

hence是表示结果意义的连接副词,hence前面的句子表示原因,hence后面则省略了类似 come的动词;它是倒装句;例如：

Hencecomesthis instruction of the experiment因此,有这本实验说明书; 3．某些常用词组引导的省略疑问句,通常不需要写出其省略部分;例如： Howis itabout the result结果怎么样呢

4．由习语组成的省略结构 So much is for the foundry processes．工艺过程的内容就是这些;＝Enough has been said or done about．．．；That is all we'll say about...

Now for the sound-wave method．现在谈谈风波方法;＝And we will now talk about．．． The grinding machine you operate must be oiled,and that at once．油,而且要马上上油;and that是个加强语气的省略结构;that是指示代词,代替上文的全部,与and连用表示强调,后接状语;＝andmustbeoiledat可译为“而且”; 四、介词短语的“无胜于有”

英语介词短语应用之频繁,简直到了“不可稍离”的地步;它是功能词中最积极、最活跃之一;但有时,为了用词简洁精练,在上下文意境清楚的前提下,介词常常省略;译文中也要采取相应的简洁表达手法; 1．动名词-ing前,有时省略介词;

Most people just ruin scissors bytrying to sharpen them．大多数人想把剪刀磨快,结果却磨坏了;

2．在含有way,height,length,size,shape, ckness等惯用语前,有时省略介词; Try to keep your letters onthis side of 500 words．写信请勿超过五百字; 3．在以next,this,one,every,each,some,等开头的时间状语前,有时省略介词; Nine daysfromnow will be May Day．起再过九天,便是五一节;

4．在“noun ＋participle”,“noun ＋and all”结构中,有时省略介词“with”; He jumped into the water, with hisclothes and all．他和着衣服跳进水里; 5．某些动词、名词、形容词习惯搭配中的介词短语,在以

what,when,how,whether,that出的从句或不定式短语之前,有时被省略;例如：

I am not informedas towhether he went,why from．我没听说他是否去了,为什么去,什么时候去,来自何地方;省略与informed搭配的介词as to;

They are tempered to be careless ofhow they spend their time,because they imagine they have so much of it．对于如何支配时间,他们总是漫不经心,因为他们认为时间多的是;省略与形容词careless搭配的介词of;