英汉互译总结论文

英文原文

Grinding is a manufacturing process that involves the removal of metal by employing a rotating abrasive wheel. The latter simulates a milling cutter with an extremely large number of miniature cutting edges. Generally, grinding is considered to be a finishing process that is usually used for obtaining high-dimensional accuracy and better surface finish. Grinding can be performed on flat, cylindrical, or even internal surfaces by employing specialized machine tools, which are referred to as grinding machines. Obviously, grinding machines differ in construction as well as capabilities, and the type to be employed is determined mainly by the geometrical shape and nature of the surface to be ground, e.g. , cylindrical surfaces are ground on cylindrical grinding machines. Surface grinding. As the name surface grinding suggests, this operation involves grinding of flat or plane surfaces. Fig.8.1 indicates the two possible variations, either a horizontal or vertical machine spindle. In the first case (horizontal spindle), the machine usually has a planer-type reciprocating table on which the workpiece is held. However, grinding machines with vertical spindles can have either a planer type table like that of the horizontal-spindle machine or a rotating worktable. Also, the grinding action in this case is achieved by the end face of the grinding wheel, contrary to the case of horizontal-spindle machines, where the workpiece ground by the periphery of the grinding wheel. Fig.8.1a and b also

indicate the equations to be used for estimating the different parameters of the grinding operation, such as the machining

time and the rate of metal removal. During the surface-grinding operations, heavy workpieces are either held in fixtures or clamped on the machine table by scrap clamps and the like, whereas smaller workpieces are usually held by chucks.

Cylindrical grinding. In cylindrical grinding, the workpiece is held between centers during grinding operation, and the wheel rotation is the source and cause for the rotary cutting motion, as shown if Fig.8.2. In fact, cylindrical grinding can be carried out by employing any of the following methods: (1) The transverse method, in which both the grinding both the grinding wheel and the workpiece rotate and longitudinal linear feed is applied to enable grinding of the whole length. The depth of cut is adjusted by the cross feed if the grinding wheel into the workpiece. (2) The plunge-cut method, in which grinding is achieved through the cross feed of the grinding wheel and no axial feed is applied. As you can see, this method can be applied only when the surface to be ground is shorter than the width of the grinding wheel used.

中文译文

磨削加工制造过程中包括采用旋转磨轮去除金属。后者模拟一个有着大量微型切削刃的铣刀。一般来说，磨削是一种精加工过程，通常是用于获得高尺寸精度和较好表面光洁度。磨削可以进行平面，圆柱，

甚至内部表面，采用专用机床，被称为磨床。显然，研磨机在不同的结构和功能，和类型可以采用主要是由表面的几何形状和性质确定为地面，例如，圆柱面在外圆磨床上磨削。表面研磨。正如其名称暗示表面磨削，该操作涉及平面和平面磨削。图中表示了两种可能的变化，无论是水平或垂直主轴。在第一种情况下（水平轴），机器通常有一个龙门往复工作台上的工件举行。然而，立式主轴磨床可以有一个龙门表这样的水平主轴机或回转工作台。同时，在这种情况下，磨削作用是通过砂轮端面实现，相反的水平轴机器的情况下，在工件

的砂轮的周边。fig.8.1也表明可用于磨削操作不同的参数估计方程，如加工时间和金属去除率。表面研磨操作过程中，重的工件用夹具固定或夹在机台废夹具等，而小的工件通常由卡盘固定。

圆柱面磨削。外圆磨削中，工件在研磨操作之间举行的中心，与车轮旋转的旋转切削运动的原因，如图所示。事实上，外圆磨削可以采用下列方法进行：（1）横向的方法，在这两个磨削砂轮和工件都旋转和纵向进给的应用使磨削整个长度。如果砂轮对工件，切削深度则由横向进给调节。（2）切入磨削方法，它是通过砂轮的横向进给、轴向进给是采用无。你可以看到，这个方法只能用于当表面是地面小于用砂轮的宽度。

英汉互译总结

大多数英语词汇是多义的，翻译时必须选择正确的词义。选择词义的方法有三种:根据上下文和词的搭配选择、词类选择、专业选择词义转换在理解英文词汇的原始意义基础上，翻译时可根据汉语的习惯按

引伸义译出；或用反义词语译出，即所谓的正文反译、反文正译。 一、词类转换（Conversion）

英语中很多由动词转化而成的名词、以及动名词、非谓语动词等，汉译时可将它们转换成动词。例如：heavy workpieces are either held in fixtures or clamped on the machine table by scrap clamps and the like(重的工件用夹具固定或夹在机台废夹具等)

二、补词(Amplification)

补词是指原文已有某种含义但未用词汇直接表达，译文中需将这些含义补充进去，这样才更通顺易读，如：英语中数词与名词之间没有量词，而译成汉语时可酌情增加。

结构性增词例如：As the name surface grinding suggests, this operation involves grinding of flat or plane surfaces.（正如其名称暗示表面磨削，该操作涉及平面和平面磨削。）

修辞性增词

语义性增词例如：cylindrical grinding can be carried out by

employing any of the following methods:(事实上，外圆磨削可以采用下列两种方法进行)

三、省略(Omission)

省略是指原文中某些词在译文中可以省略不译，只要不影响意义的完整。如：上面讲的汉语“量词”，译成英语时则可以省略；又如：英语中可以大量使用物主代词而在汉语中往往省略不用。

四、相关关联（Referential and Connotative） 五、措辞（Diction） 六、倒装(Inversion)

倒装是指原文某些词在译文中位置改变但不影响语义。例如：The depth of cut is adjusted by the cross feed if the grinding wheel into the workpiece.（如果砂轮对工件，切削深度则由横向进给调节。）

七、拆句(Division) 八、反义(Magation) 九、语态(Change of V oice)

适当处理：把主干和枝叶划为若干意群和片断，将它们按时间先后和逻辑顺序逐一译出，同时填补一些起连词作用的虚词，使意念衔接，与其连贯通顺。

顺译法：如原文句子叙述层次相接或按逻辑关系安排内容，则按原文语序翻译，可增加必要的词语使语气连贯。

逆译法：如果英文原文长句的表达次序与汉语表达习惯不同甚至相反，则逆向译。例如：Grinding can be performed on flat, cylindrical, or even internal surfaces by employing specialized machine tools, which are referred to as grinding machines。（可以在平面，圆柱，甚至内部表面采用专用机床进行磨削的工具，被称为磨床。）

拆译法：用句号分开；重复词语；采用句首同位语；加括号。 例如：In the first case , the machine usually has a planer-type reciprocating table on which the workpiece is held.（在第一种情

况下（水平轴），机器通常有一个龙门往复工作台上的工件举行。）

混合法

翻译是一门大学问。严复说过，翻译要做到“信”“达”“雅”。翻译的信达雅，最重要是雅。不需要忠诚于单词，也不需要忠诚于句式，忠诚的只是语素，只是作者想要表达的信息。然后再用汉语将意思表达完全，最后对译文进行润色加工，除了人名地名之外，译文尽可能地贴近我们平常使用的优美汉语，不能让别人一眼就看出来是翻译文章，也不能让读者阅读的流畅感受到影响。只有平时多加练习才能翻译好文章。