一定义:在中充当成分的句子叫做主语从句。
二主语充当主语的句子类型:
1. 常规从句,即句子在中充当一个
;从句的不受主句的时态影响和。
(1) That he finished writing the composition in such a short time surprised us all.
(2) Whether we will go for an outi ng tomorrow rema ins unknown. (3) Who will be our mon itor has n't bee n decided yet. (4) Whom we must study for is a question of great importanee. (5) What caused the accide nt rema ins unknown. (6) Whatever you did is right.
(7) Who the watch bel ongs to is unknown. (8) What we n eed is time.
(9) What we n eed are good doctors. 小结:
(1) 引导从句有 that,whether,who,what,whatever 等;
(2) 位于句首不能省略; (3) 外,如例( 9)
从句大多数情况下视为,但也有例
注意:当what引导的名词性分句作主语时,问题极为复杂。 2. 为了防止句子,通常把 it放在句首位置,真正主语搁置于句末
(1) It is certain that he will win the match.
(2) It is true that he has made a very important discovery in chemistry. (3) It is very likely that they will hold a meeting. (4) It is strange that he should do that.
(5) It is important that we all should attend the meeting. (6) It is strange that the man should have stuck to his silly ideas.
(7) It is a pity that we won't be able to go to the south to spend our summer vacation. (8) It is still a mystery what caused the accide nt.
(9 ) It is said that he has gone to sha nghai.(=He is said to have gone to sha nghai) (10) It is known to all that the gun powder was first inven ted by the Chin ese. (11) It is suggested that the work should be done with great care.
(12) It happe ned that the two cheats were there. (=The two cheats happe ned to be there) 小结:
(1) 为避免头重脚轻,常以 it引导从句。lt++从句。 (2)
形式主语的、
由于从句一般被认为是单数形式,+均为单数第三人称形式或
与两者的用法和在句中的作用是不同的,下面从它们的各自用法来介绍。
一.从句
从句定义:在句子中担当主语的是一个从句, 当主语的从句,通常放在主句之前或由
这个从句就叫做主语从句。 从句是在中充
it代替,而本身放在句子末尾。
1. It作和it引导的比较
① 从句常用it作,一般常用句型为:It is+{名词/形容词/过去}+主语从句例如: It is still a question whether she will come or not. It is stra nge that you should like him.
It is still unknown which team will win the match. 另外,还有一些比较多见的结构:
It turned out that ........ ; It has bee n proved that .......... ; It happe ned/occurred that ....... ; It is well-k nown that ........ 等等
② 而则不同,它的结构是:lt+be+被强调部分+that+从句 强调:It is the times that produce their heroes. 强调宾语:It is En glish that Prof.L in teaches us. 强调:It was in shanghai that I saw the film.
判断是否是有一个方法,就是将 that以后的“句子的其余部分”拿出来单独看,看有 没有缺成分,缺的是什么成分,再把后面
that前面的那部分,带到你认为缺成分的地方,
如果放进去是一句完整的句子了,那就说明是强调句。
2. 用it作的结构
⑴It is +名词+that从句
It is a fact that … 事实是 .....
It is an honor that …非常荣幸
It is com mon knowledge that …是常识
(2) it is +形容词+that从句
It is natural that … 很自然 ....
It is strange that … 奇怪的是 ....
⑶it ++that从句
It seems that … 似乎 ....
It happened that … 碰巧 ....
⑷it is+过去+that从句
It is reported that … 据报道 .... It has been proved that … 已证实 .... 3. 从句不可位于句首的五种情况
(1) if引导的从句不可居于句首。
⑵It is said , (reported)
…结构中的从句不可提前。例如:
It is said that Preside nt Jingo will visit our school n ext week.
⑶It happens…,It occurs… 结构中的从句不可提前。例如:
It occurred to him that he failed in the exam in ati on.
⑷It doesn ' t matter how/whether
…结构中的从句不可提前。例如:
It doesn ' t matter whether he is wrong or not. (5) 含从句的复合句是时,主语从句不可提前。例如: Is it likely that it will rain in the eve ning? 4. What与that在引导从句时的区别
What引导从句时在从句中充当,如主语.宾语. ,而that贝怀然。例如: What you said yesterday is right. 二.用以区分从句的几个特征:
1、: what\\which\\whose\\when\\whether\\if\\where 2、:必须是用陈述语句。(名词性从句都是陈述语序)
如:I think that you must work harder. 的、的区别、等现象。 补充:从句的永远是。
非性定语从句的分类
(1) who引导的非性定语从句
Our guide , who was a French Canadian ,was an excellent cook.
我们的向导,一个法裔加拿大人,擅长于烹调。
My gardener ,who is very pessimistic , says that there will be no apples this year. 我家的园丁非常悲观,他说今年将不结苹果。
(2) whom引导的非性定语从句。 关系代词whom用于指人,在句中作动词宾语和 介词宾语,作介词宾语时,介词可位于句末。
如: Peter, whom you met in London, is now back in Paris. 彼得现在回巴黎了,你在伦敦见过他。
Mr Smith , from whom I have learned a lot , is a famous scientist. 史密斯先生是一位著名的科学家,我从他那儿学了许多东西。
(3) whose引导的非性定语从句。 whose是关系代词 who的所有格形式,在从句 中作定语。whose通常指人,也可指动物或无生命的事物。
如: The boy, whose father is an engineer, studies very hard. 那位小男孩学习很努力,他的父亲是位工程师。
Above the trees are the mountains, whose magnificence the river faithfully reflects on the surface.
在树林的高处是山,其壮丽的景色完全映照在河面上。
The play , whose style is rigidly formal , is typical of the period. 这剧本是那个时期的典型作品,风格拘谨刻板。
⑷which引导的非性定语从句。
词宾语或表语。
关系代词which在非性定语从句中所指代和
修饰的可以是主句中的名词、形容词、短语、其他从句或整个主句,在从句中作主语、动 词宾语、介
① which指代主句中的名词,被指代的名词包括表示物、婴儿或动物的名词、表示单 数意义的集体名词以及表示职业、品格等的名词。
女口: These apple trees ,which I planted three years ago ,have not borne any fruit. 这些苹果树是我三年前栽的,还没有结过果实。
She is an artist , which I am not. 她是一位艺术家,而我不是。
Water,which is a clear liquid , has many uses. 水是一种清澈的液体,有许多用途。
The two policemen were completely trusted , which in fact they were. 那两个完全受到信任,事实上,也真是如此。 ② which指代主句中的形容词。
女口: She was very patient towards the children , which her husband seldom was.
她对孩子们很耐心,她丈夫却很少这样。
She is always careless ,which we should not be. 她总是马虎大意,我们可不应该这样。 ③ which指代主句中的某个从句。
女口: He said that he had never seen her before , which was not true.
他说以前从没见过她,这不是真的。 ④ which指代整个主句。
如:In the presenee of so many people he was little tense, which was understandable.
在那么多人面前他有点紧张,这是可以理解的。
He may have acute appendicitis , in which case he will have to be operated on. 他可能得了急性盲肠炎,如果是这样,他就得动手术。
When deeply absorbed in work ,which he often was ,he would forget all about eating and sleep ing.
他经常聚精会神地工作,这时他会废寝忘食。
(5) when引导的非性定语从句关系副词 语,指代主句中表示时间的词语。
when在非性定语从句中作时间状
如: He will put off the picnic until May 1st, when he will be free. 他将把郊游推迟到5月1号,那时他将有空。
(6) where引导的非性定语从句关系副词 语,指代主句中表示地点的词语。
where在非性定语从句中作地点状
女口: They went to London ,where they lived for six mon ths.
他们去了伦敦,在那儿呆了六个月的时间。
They reached there yesterday, where a n egotiatio n of sale will be held. 他们昨天抵达那里,有一个关于销售的谈判在那儿举行。
(7) as引导的非性定语从句 as引出非限定性定语从句时,代替整个主句,对其进 行说明但通常用于像 as we all know, as it is known, as is known to all, as it is, as is said above, as always mentioned above, as is usual, as is often the case, as is
reported in the newspaper 等句式中。as在非限定性定语从句中作主语、表语或宾语, 且引出的从句位置比较灵活,可位于句首或句末,也可置于主句中间。通常均由逗号将其 与主句隔开。as有“正如……,
就像……”之意。
如: As is known to the United States, Mark Twain is a great American writer. He forgot to bring his pen with him, as was often the case. 他忘了带笔,这是常事。(as在从句中作主语)
He is absorbed in work, as he ofte n was. 他正在全神贯注地工作,他过去经常这样。
(as在从句中作表语)
Boy as he was , he was chosen king.
他虽是孩子,却被选为国王。 (as在从句中作表语)
As we all know, the earth is round.
众所周知,地球是圆的。(as在从句中作宾语)
The two brothers were satisfied with this decisi on
, as was agreed beforeha nd.
(as在从句中作主语)
两兄弟对此决定都满意,这项决定在事前都已得到他们的同意。
Taiwa n is, as you know , an in separable part of China.
(as在从句中作宾语)
“介关系
你知道,是中国不可分割的一部分。
(8)
词+关系代词”弓I导的非性定语从句在介词后引导非性定语从句。
代词which有时并不代表主句中某一确定的词,而是概括整个主句的意思。介词的选择取 决于它与先行词的搭配或与从句中谓语动词的搭配。
They were short of sticks to make frames for the climbing vines yield would be halved.
他们缺搭葡萄架的杆儿,没有它们产量会减少一半。
, without which the
They thanked Tom , without whose support they would not have succeeded.
他们很感激Tom,没有他的支持他们是不会成功的。
(9) 从句
“名词/代词+of+which / whom ”引导的非性定语
It now has 20, 000 hectares of land , more than two-thirds of which are under
cultivati on.
现在它拥有两万公顷土地,其中三分之二之多已经耕种。
Light is the fast thing in the world, the speed of which is 300.000 kilometeThere are 30 chairs in the small hall, most of which are n ew.
大厅里有三十把椅子,绝大部分是新的。
The textile mill has over 8, 000 workers and staff, eighty per cent of whom are wome n. 这家纺织厂有8千多职工,女职工占百分之八十。
关系词
① 引导非限定性定语从句的关系代词
:as,which.
when,where 。
+关系代词
② 引导非限定性定语从句的关系副词主要有:
注意:不能用that作为关系代词的两种情况:①非限定性定语从句;②介词
区别
1、 as引导的定语从句可以放在句首、句中和句尾, 句尾。
2、 当as后面有\"is或was+过去分词”构成的被动语态时, 3、 as有时也可用作关系代词
be动词is或was可省略。
which引导的定语从句可置于句中 或
。若as在从句中作主语,其引导的句子可以放在句首 或句
中。但which引导的非性定语从句只能放句中。
4、 as有正如…一样、按照、正像、因为的意思,所以常用于肯定句,而 肯定,否定都可以。
which则用于
5、 在固定结构中使用 as例如:the same…as、as…as。 例句:
1 Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play, which , of course, made
the others un happy.(从句部分的意思为:这当然使别人不高兴;而不能译为正如使别人不 高兴。故用which。)
2 Chongqing is not the same city as we have see n in other places. 重庆和我们在其它地方看过的城市不一样。
常见易错题目及解答方法
1.
互换;但引导非性定语 从句时,只能用 which 。
引导性定语从句时,关系代词 which可以与that
例 1.She heard a terrible no ise, ____ frighte ned her.
A. that B. which C. what D. who
例 2.She heard a terrible no ise _____ frighte ned her.
A. that B. / C. what D. who
解析:例1意为:“她听到一个可怕的声音,这使她感到恐惧。”
导非性定语从句,故选
which或that来引导,故选A。
that不能用于引
B。例2意为:“她听到了一个使她恐惧的可怕声音。”弓I导修
饰noise的性定语从句可以用
2.
定语从句则只能用 for which 来引导。
例3.1 had told them the reason, ____ I didn
先行词为reason时,性定语可以用why或for which 来引导;非性
' t attend the meeting.
A. for which B. at which C. for whom D. why
例41 had told them the reason ____ I didn ' t attend the meeting.
A. when B. which C. why D. for that
解析: 例3意为:“我早已把理由告诉他们,于是我没有出席会议。”先行词为
reason时,非性定语从句应用
for which引导,故选 A。例4意为:“我已经把为什么
没有出席会议的原因告诉他们。” the reason why...是常见搭配,答案为 C。
3. 引导性定语从句的关系代词在从句中担任宾语时可以被省略;但引导非限 制性定语
从句的关系代词即使作宾语也不能省略。
例 5.He was eager to go to the hospital to see his stepmother, ____ he loved and respected as his own mother.
A. as B. which C. / D. whom
解析:本句意为:“他急于去医院看望他的继母,他像对待亲生母亲一样孝敬她。” 关系
代词whom引导非性定语从句并作宾语,不能被省略,故选
D。
4•引导性定语从句时并作从句宾语的关系代词
但在非性定语从句中, whom 就不能用who替换。
whom可以用who来代替;
例 6.D0 you know Tom, ____ we talked about?
A. which B. that C. whom D. who
例 7.The America n journ alist ____ the announcer men ti oned in the n ews broadcast is said to have bee n killed by the gan gsters. Which of the follow ing is wrong?
A. who B. whom C. whose D. /
解析:例6意为:“你认识汤姆吗?我们谈到过他。”应选
员在新闻广播中提到的那位美国记者据说已遭歹徒杀害。 作mentioned的宾语且指人时,可用 是错的。
C。例7意为:“播音
下列哪一项是错误的? ”关系代词
C
who/whom/that,在性定语从句中可省略,故
5.当非性定语从句修饰整个主句时,
此时非性定语从句可置于主句之前、之后或之中。
例8 ____ I expected, he didn ' t believe me.
其关系代词只能用 as ,不能用which。
A. Which B. As C. That D. When
解析:本句意为:“正如我所预料的那样,他不相信我的话。”非性定语从
句修饰整个主句,应用 as引导,故答案为 B。
例 9.Mary was late for school, ____ often happe ned.
A. as B. for which C. that D. why
解析:本句意为:“玛丽上学迟到了,这是常有的事。”根据句意,关系代词
引导的非性定语从句修饰前面的主句,其位置非常灵活,故答案为
A。
as
6.
定语从句,
用as,只能用which。
由“介词+关系代词”引导非性关系代词指代整个主句时, 不能
例 10.He bought the car for more than $20,000, ____ his father was angry.
A. about that B. with as C. when D. with which
解析: 本句意为:“他花两万多美元买了这辆车,他父亲对此很生气。”
位于介词with的后面,指代前面的主句,故答案为
D。
which
注意事项
1. which引导的非限定性定语从句是用来说明前面整个句子的情况或主句的某一部分。 2. as有时也可用作关系代词
。as引导非性定语从句,若
as在从句中作主语,其
引导的句子可以放在句首,也可以放在句中。但 中。
例句:
which引导的非性定语从句只能放句
As is reported in the newspaper ,some artistic treasures( 艺术珍品) will be on show at the exhibiti on
(展览品) on the weeke nd.
that和those。
3. 在非限定性定语从句中,关系词不能用
从句区别
1.限定性定语从句:从句不能省略,如果省略整个句子意思不完整。
非限定性定语从句 :从句可以省略,如果省略整个句子意思仍然完整 2.限定性定语从句 :先行词可以用that引导。 非限定性定语从句 :先行词不可以用that引导。 3.限定性定语从句 :引导词有时可以省略。 非限定性定语从句 :引导词不可以省略。
4.限定性定语从句 :主句与从句不需要用逗号隔开。 非限定性定语从句 :主句与从句需要用逗号隔开。 5.限定性定语从句 :从句只修饰先行词。
。
非限定性定语从句 :从句既可以修饰先行词,也可以修饰整个句子或句子的一部分。 6.限定性定语从句 :不能修饰一个事件。 非限定性定语从句 :可以修饰一个事件。
功能用途
限定性定语从句与主句的关系很紧凑, 对其先行词起限定、修饰的作用。如果将其去掉, 会影响句子意思的完整性;有时甚至于引起费解、误解。例如:
1.Ra in forests are being cleared for valuable timber and other resources to speed up the econo mic growth of the n ati ons in which they are located .
为了加速他们各自所在国家的经济发展, 们所砍伐。
热带雨林作为有价值的原木和其他资源正为人
2.Ocea n curre nts affect the climates of the lands n ear which they flow. 洋流影响其流经的附近地区的气候。
3.They expla ined the reas on to us why they had hated us before. 他们向我们解释为什么他们不喜欢我们的原因。
非限定性定语从句在形式上就与主句很松散,它与主句之间有一个逗点
”,\"隔开;它对
其先行词没有限定、 修饰的作用,只起补充、 说明的作用。有时也用它来对全句或句中某个 成分进行补充、说明。即使将其去掉,也不会影响句子意思。由于上述原因,非限定性定语 从句在表达意思方面也有别于限定性定语从句。
另外,非限定性定语从句在中文译文里,
例如:
我
们往往将其作为一个分句处理,而不把它作定语翻译。
Earlier , the Babylonians had attempted to map the world , but they presented it in the form of a flattened disc rather than a sphere , which was the form adopted by Ptolemy .
更早之前,巴比伦人曾试图绘制世界地图, 米用的球体状。
(此句中,非限定性定语从句是对先行词
a sphere进行补充、说明。)
但是他们把它绘制成平盘状而不是托勒密所
The comb in ati on of satellites, which tran smit in formatio n , computers , which store
in formatio n , and televisi on , which displays in formatio n , will cha nge every home in to an educati on and en terta inment cen ter .
卫星能传输信息,计算机能储存信息,电视能显示信息,把这些手段结合起来可以使每 个家庭都成为教育娱乐的中心。
(此句中,三个非限定性定语从句分别对三个先行词:
satellites , computers 和
The
televisi on进行补充、说明。如果去掉这三个非限定性定语从句,那么句子可简化为:
comb in ati on of satellites , computers and televisi on will cha nge every home into an educati on and en terta inment cen ter .
)
The sun heats the earth , which makes it possible for pla nts to grow . 太阳给予大地热,这就使植物的生长成为可能。
(此句中,非限定性定语从句是对全句进行补充、说明,将全句表达的意思看成 事情)。
\"一件
The old man has a son , who is in the army . 那位老人有一个儿子,他在工作。 (此句中,非限定性定语从句是对先行词
son进行补充、说明。但本句所传达的信息
\"The old man has a son
是:\"这位老人只有一个儿子 \"。如果将此句改写成限定性定语从句: who is in the army .\"
那位老人有一个在工作的儿子。那么,限定性定语从句就要对先
\"这位老人有一个儿子
行词son进行限定、修饰。这样一来,句子所传达的信息就变成了: 在工作\",也就是说可能老人还有其他的儿子在干别的工作)
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