中北大学英语考试备考(c册)

1. They decided to perpetuate（使不朽 保持） the memory

of their leader by erecting a statue.

2. After young people step into the society, they will be

beset（困扰；镶嵌；围绕） with various temptations. 3. The gypsy girl swayed her hips in a sensuous（美感的）

way as she danced.

4. The protestant（新教徒） uttered a few commonplace（老生常谈） about peace and democracy. 5. The elephant‘s trunk is a unique form of appendage. 6. By making a remark about the weather unobtrusively, she kept the conversation going.

7. His Hamlet was a(an) revelation（揭示） to the critics

批评者.

8. When little Tommy could not get his way, his behavior

became perverse （违反常情的）and contrary. 9. Someone must have rummaged到处翻寻，检查 about

among my papers, for my drawer is in a mess.

10. When choosing a job, don‘t be swayed just by promises of high earnings.

11. You have to see these changes in context: they‘re part of

a larger plan.

12. She strongly denounced the government‘s hypocrisy in

dealing with the Israeli-Palestine issue.

13. He hopes to gain her favor by pandering to her desire for continuous praise.

14. The rain sent all the farmers who were working in the

fields scurrying for shelter. 15. The police questioned the veracity of the suspect‘s

statement.

16. Each morning the priest spent an hour in quiet

contemplation. 17. If one aids and abets a criminal, he is also considered

culpable. 18. To put it bluntly, this article is too verbose, we must edit it.

19. Even though the evidence is overwhelming, if one juror

is still skeptical, the case must be retried. 20. Although we are in different parties, his ideas on politics

are exactly in line with mine. 21. The report make out its case for increased spending on

education.

22. Celebrated the world over for his writing, he still refused

to put himself in the foreground. 23. Producers of pornographic material often claim that they

1

are cater to a psychological need. 24. By dint of sheer toughness and real courage, the

expeditions lived through the jungle difficulties and dangers.

25. ―Could I impose on you for a little help with this letter? I don‘t quite know the best way to phrase it without causing offense.‖

26. Racial discrimination and injustice are ubiquitous and

deeply ingrained in this country. 27. Compared with modern satellite dishes, ordinary TV

aerials look positively antiquated. 28. Common sense and creativity are some of the intangible we‘re looking for in an employee.

29. His parents had settled in the crowded ghettoes of the big

city, surrounded by desperate poverty and anarchic violence.

30. The Prime Minister had an in-depth exchange of views

and reached broad agreement with his European counterparts on questions of protecting environment for human survival and combating international crimes. Unite 3 (P65)

31. Graduates who intend to get on in state system have, in

their own interests, to conform 一致to the rules and take the additional one-year course that is provided for them. 32. Do you think that Joy will get the award for this year‘s

best fashion designer? She is hard working and able, but no genius. 33. The new fashion soon lost its appeal, awaiting the next

cycle.

34. Her pulse started throbbing when she saw there were

books scattered over the carpet and a bowl of roses was overturned.

35. It was a large house containing a spacious sitting-room,

four separate bedrooms and a communal kitchen. 36. The big Yorkshire combine, John Smith‘s Tadcaster

brewery, was reported to merge with Warwick and Richardson, the brewers of Newark, Notts.

37. The increasing tempo of the new economic world could

no longer afford to disperse（分开） with mechanics, hydrostatics, optics, navigation, etc.

38. This is an ambitious scheme（阴谋） to raise such a big

sum of money in such a short time.

39. His reluctance to admit the failure outraged（激怒）

public opinion.

40. In some ways it will be a testing occasion for him,

although some think his position unassailable simply because there is no one else in sight to supplant him. 41. Rome was not built in a day: strongholds of tradition

reinforced by stubborn religious conviction, often biased and prejudiced, could not be broken down in a moment. 42. All the publicity stunts in an advertising campaign were

contrived to promote the sales of the products. 43. When truth is mingled with falsehood, truth is no longer taken as truth.

44. Equally important have been the Hobhouse journals, a

vast mass of material partly in the British Museum , partly in the possession of the Hobhouse family in Somerset.

45. Well prepared and confident ,Tim appeared unabashed by all the media attention.

46. The impact of computer has been likened to that of the

printing press.

47. The 16th century decorative style is weird in that parts of human, animal , and plant forms are distorted and mixed. 48. He was reputed to be the real writer of the two epic

poems.

49. The tyrannical ruling and heavy taxation nourish strong

resentment from the oppressed.

50. During the presidential election campaign, strategies and

oratory are both crucial for public debates. 51. The spreading scandalous rumors severely undermined his reputation as a fierce warrior and trustful leader. 52. Mrs.Robin was driven almost insane by the inconsolable grief at her husband‘s sudden death.

53. The ancient epic written by the anonymous writer

glorified the hero‘s deeds in battle.

54. She seemed to be obsessed with irrational fear that

someone was plotting to murder her.

55. A profound frightful stillness spread over the

city .Suddenly grotesque shrieks were heard in the darkness. Unite 4 (P91) 56. Some

contemporary

musicians

deliberately

use

dissonance to achieve certain effects. 57. The workers‘ demand for higher wages was a catalyst which led to important social changes.

58. In a poem, cadences are arranged in regular sequence. 59. His earthy sense of humor often embarrassed the ladies

in his audience.

60. In order to create vivid characters in his novel, a writer

has to draw upon his imagination and experience. 2

61. The unskilled eye of the layman has difficulty in

discerning（辨别） the nuance of color in the paintings. 62. He would sit at the piano and improvise for hours in

themes from Bach and Handel.

63. It was undeniable that this invention heralded （预示着

的到来）the age of the computer.

. As one of the greatest soloists独奏者 in the world,

Callas had an astonishing vocal range（音域）. 65. In terms of stellar distances a journey from the earth to

the moon would appear very short.

66. The advertising of cigarette and tobacco is as insidious as

it is dishonest because the advertisements on display always depict virile（有男子汉气概的）, clean-shaven young men and suggest it is manly to smoke, even positively healthy.

67. Despite his great commercial success he still yearn for critical approval.

68. Several attempts to arrange a protest march failed

to gather momentum（势头 能量）. 69. It is believed that credit is the lifeblood命脉 of the

consumer society.

70. Flighty women can not be relied on because they often

have volatile反复无常的 dispositions.

71. Autism孤独症 is a total lack of language, a pervasive普遍的 lack of responsiveness to people, and peculiar speech patterns.

72. Brevity is essential when you send a telegram or

cablegram; you are charged for every word.

73. There‘s no use wailing哭泣 over mistakes made in the

past. You should pluck up courage to face the problems. 74. He failed the exam because none of his answers were

pertinent相关的 to the questions asked.

75. Nothing he says is spontaneous自发的; he always thinks carefully before he speaks.

76. Steel is highly resilient有弹力的 and therefore is used

in the manufacture of springs.

77. We can meld our two small businesses into a larger one

for further development.

78. In his farewell performance, the famous musician played

a piano sonata of his own composition. 79. You can not deny the fact his business skill complements补充 her flair for design.

80. The crude typewriter on display in this museum is the

prototype of the elaborate machines in use today. 81. Her feeling of exuberance was so contagious that all the other patients were soon smiling or laughing.

82. This riot is only one manifestation of people‘s discontent.

It is imperative(迫切的) that the government should take actions to improve their working style.

83. Bessie‘s mind was not quite in tune with the profundities of that learned journal.

84. The funeral was interrupted by a burst of gunfire as the

priest intoned the liturgy for the latest victim of the fighting.

85. The way the police treated him was akin to the worst sort

of torture. Unite 6（P143）

86. There is a (an) analogy between the way water moves in waves and the way light travels.

87. The wounded soldier fell back in the river, and his blood mingled with its waters. 88. I can‘t help closing my eyes when I see a bright light; it‘s

s reflex. . All attempts at rationalization at this time are doomed to failure; tempers and emotions run too high for intelligent thought to prevail.

90. The report is vitiated by continual spelling mistakes. 91. They could perfectly well defend this suit, or in good faith try to. 92. The skiers were in imminent danger as the snow started its started its pitch forward, reaching avalanche proportions.

93. By inadvertence, he omitted two questions on the

examination.

94. It was a (an) audacious stunt to throw a tightrope line

between the two skyscrapers and walk across the line. 95. What you have said is an instance of pedantry and

reveals an unfamiliarity with the realities of life. 96. At the last election he abstained from the vote because he

was discontented with the existing social system. 97. These recurrent attacks disturbed us and we consulted a physician.

98. One of the salient features of that newspaper is its

excellent editorial page.

99. The journalist on the ―Daily Telegraph‖ gave a pedestrian description of events that were actually very exciting. 100. I do not feel that your limited resources will permit you

to carry out such a pretentious program. 101. ―Look at those pretty little girls‘ dresses‖ is ambiguous, because it is not clear whether the girls or the dresses are ―pretty‖.

102. This report is filled with generalize; you must be more

3

specific in your statements.

103. The two governments are completely in accord on the

question of preserving peace.

104. A human being is quite a frail creature, for the gloss of rationality that covers his or her fears and insecurity is thin and often easily breached.

105. His extreme antipathy to dispute caused him to avoid

argumentative discussion with his colleagues.

106. Sectarian politics are not a social phenomenon which can be disregarded; they are ruining the country‘s economy. 107. The dilemma of the chronic balance of payments deficits

which have plagued the US Treasury Department under three presidents is very real.

108. Ontology is the word now used in place of metaphysics,

on the grounds that it is less theological and supernatural. 109. If you‘re walking along a badly-lit road at night you

should wear conspicuous clothes. 110. Much speculation over the cause of the air crash was not

based on a sufficient foundation of fact.

111. The police are verifying the prisoner‘s statement by

questioning several witnesses.

112. The dying man designated his besty friend, and also his lawyer, to take care of his legal affairs.

113. After repeated experiments, the door confirmed that poor

food arrested the natural growth of a child. 114. Commuters approach subway stations warily when they

must travel at night in large cities.

115. I can recommend him for a position of responsibility, for

I have found that he always does everything scrupulously. Unite 7 （P168）

116. With hard work and a bit of luck he quickly rose to

affluence and established a computer empire all by himself.

117. She could find no plausible explanation for the

disappearance of the documents; nor could she give any evidence for her whereabouts at the time they were stolen.

118. The people throughout the world are willing to work

towards, and fight for, if necessary, the elimination of the terrorism from the world scene.

119. After a riot, drastic measures were taken to restore order in the city.

120. The government is planning to transform large areas of

marginal land into land suitable for crop growing. 121. He mistakenly thought he had a permanent claim on the Party simply because he had performed some useful services in the past.

122. The military intervention by one country in the affairs of another should be strongly condemned and prohibited by international law and legitimate forces.

123. Journeying through the world is a hazardous business and it is a mistake to look for too much security. 124. Graham realized, nearly two hundred years ago, that

alcohol diminished physical and sexual performance. 125. For many years they had worked without stinting to the best of their ability and knowledge for their job. 126. The foregoing precedent need not prejudice our

assessment of Frank‘s prospects unduly as there are extenuating circumstances in his case.

127. Owen returned to his native land and was soon in trouble

with the magistrates of Edinburgh for giving a lecture deemed improper for public discussions. 128. Teaching is regarded by some as an unrewarding profession financially.

129. Can we solve the border conflict between the two

countries without resort to force？

130. Of course there is some truth in all this, but only up to a point. 131. Stamp duty on share transactions is prohibitively high for

the newcomer with less than 500 to invest and exemption could be made for sums under this.

132. Cold and exhaustion at length forced the Indians to make

for the shore under cover of darkness, with the leaves of aquatic plants as the (camouflage) for their heads. 133. It might well be that the foundations of the new field

would be laid , and never before had such tremendous innovations and plans for the future been(contemplated); 134. For a long time it was thought to be harmless substance

but there‘s recently been some proof (to the contrary) and you‘re now warned off it.

135. The general grant takes account of the cost of local

services and has been (substantially) increased each year since its introduction.

136. Fixed to such a stand, the drill can be brought to the job

with great (precision), while pressure is increased easily by using the spring-loaded lever provided with the assembly.

137. (Prima facie) evidence is sometimes sufficient to

establish a fact or to raise a presumption of the truth of a fact unless controverted.

138. On his return to the council meeting attired in the

4

mayoral robes, and after taking the oath of office, the new Mayor thanked the council for the honor they had (accorded to) him.

139. However (impeccable) her own behavior, she should

avoid living with, or near, people who clearly have less regard for convention.

140. After a few sleepless nights surfing on the cyber-net he

became so (slack) that he kept making silly mistakes. 141. In a dignity (consonant ) with his rank he deports himself

in public as if high rank automatically confers the right to be obeyed.

142. The increasing sale of luxury goods is a(n) (index) of the country‘s prosperity.

143. Institutions like universities should (indoctrinate) young

people with the morals and values generally accepted by the society.

144. The last of the old man‘s (exiguous) savings was donated

to the Hope Project used for the education of a parentless teenager.

145. Martin Luther King was a leader of the movement of

civil rights and an advocator of nonviolence, for violence was (abhorrent) to his gentle nature and the cause he pursued all his life. Unite 11（P273）

146. She is annoyed by the hypocritic（虚伪的） of some

government which claim to support equal rights but never give women important government post.

147. The members in favor of his suggestion signified their

agreement by raising their hands.

148. I do not believe that I am a vindictive man, but when the

immortal gods take a hand in the matter it is pardonable to observe the result with complacency.

149. In the Western religious culture God is regarded as the

primal force in the universe. 150. His paper is well written with coherent arguments and

original viewpoints.

151. In the imperial system length is measured in inches, feet and yards, weight in ounces and pounds and volume in pints and gallons.

152. Social Darwinism was a perversion of Darwin‘s

evolutionary ideas which constituted the dominant intellectual paradigm of the time.

153. The social behavior of ants and bees is determined, by

and larger, by instinct. 154. More care in the future will prevent recurence of such a mistake.

155. But, Mr. Senater, this is not the point in question !

You‘ve misunderstood me

156. West Lake boasts a fine landscape making the tourists

reminiscent of the picture of a fairy tale. 157. The African boys have to go through the initiation ceremony before they are acknowledged as adults 158. There have been many modern movements within India

to ease the hardships brought about by the caste system, especially as it affects those without any caste, the ―untouchable‖.

159. In these primitive tribes you will find that their religious

are all tinged by superstition. 160. Prudence, justice, fortitude, temperance, faith, hope and

charity are charity are considered to be cardinal virtues in ethics.

161. All the negotiators have expressed considerable

ambivalence about the prospects for peace. 162. That village would hold mystic rites and ceremony each year to invoke the gods‘ blessing for the coming year. 163. The revival of classical literature brought about the great change in the minds of the coming year.

1. I looked strange, not to say dangerous. Hatless,

dew-soaked, smear with yellow mud, and holding, as if it were a baby or a bomb, a little tin pail of sand.

1665 Same scientists hypothesized that there are intelligent

完形填空（A） Unite 1（P16）

beings on some celestial bodies. 166. The Civil Defense evacuate all the inhabitants from the area where the storm was predicted to visit.

167. The driver tried to avert the accident by bringing his car to a sudden stop, but because of brake failure he had to crash it up against a lamppost by the roadside.

168. Some imitations are so well-wrought that one will never distinguish them from the genuine ones.

169. I can‘t dissociate the man from his political

opinions---they‘re one and the same thing.

170. The proposed environmental amendment has not been

ratified by all fifty states. 171. Her style of dress accentuated her extreme slenderness

and invited all attention at the party.

172. The disease which once claimed millions of lives in the

world has now been eradicated. 173. Some young writers will deliberately travesty Whitman‘s

style of poetic creations to achieve certain effects, 174. The rivalry between the two construction companies was obvious, neither would give way to the other.

175. The police have been accused of having stereotype images of black people.

The humanities are not a mere device but a form of knowledge. They indicate the human achievement of the language, literature, history, philosophy, art and politices, etc. So the humanities are useful both in the cultural sense and in the academic one and are intimate and permanent. They exert great influence on our life and are indispensable to the development of the society. They give shape and color to the world. Without the humanities we would be astonished to find that the colorful world would turn into something bleak, dark, soundless, empty of any meaning except that of physical needs and mechanical products. The humanities are not interested in proofs or in statistics, in place of proof they give clarity, and in place of averages they give uniqueness.

However, the humanities have some limitations. On the surface , they appear more individual than social, more self-indulgent than unselfish. People have an unreasonable liking for simple satisfaction of their own choosing . Sometimes the humanities gratify such foolish requests, giving more temptations to our eye, ear and mind, even adding moral harm.

But despite these limitations and some skepticism about them in the modern world, the humanities are not a Cinderella who can be neglected or disregarded. They are not a temporary or passing pheonomennon . Instead, the humanities are ingrained in society. They are poor in wealth but rich in intellectual capital. They are the treasure of human culture. They explore man‘s spiritual world, study human nature, concern themselves with human interests and make our life colorful. They give us greater insight into man‘s role in nature as well as the societies that he has created. The humanities, which can help us to understand and explain the reason for our actions, are a form of knowledge that is acquired through the study of man‘s spiritual creations. With this knowledge the individual can come into possension

5

of his or her full powers. So they are an essential part of knowledge of any person who wants to come to terms with life.

Unite 3（P68）

Modern advertising is a form of magic, which creates a Promised Land. So, powerful is its magic power that people constantly get into the habit of living in that future environment which ads have promised . Advertising employs all the techniques of symbolist art, which may not find its place in the art gallery but worked perfectly in the market place. Advertising, with its appeal to every heart, sets up national brands and totems for communal participation. The advertisements give a person the feeling of belonging and importance. It reinforces the notion that you feel better satisfied if you use well-known brands. Today advertising is a major industry absorbing most of the artistic talent of our world. The connection between artists and advertising is old and profitable. The artistic works are being used to promote the turnover of the industry .More intelligence goes into the design and layout of the ad. Elaborate consumer surveys and psychological studies are conducted to estabilsh the exact characteristics of the social groups whose money is to be magically extracted. It is true that advertisements cost a large amount of money, but they represent an investment of multimillion dollars, let alone the appetites they create and the impulses they stir in a vast reader mass, who are the investors to the production plants and national sales networks. This is why the design or the layout of the advertisements is geared to the reader mass. In a word , advertising represents the main channel of intellectual and artistic effort in the modern world. Unite 4（P94）

What is jazz? Jazz is vigorous and exciting rhythm and it is one of the freest and most demonstrative forms of musical expression. The lifeblood of jazz is creativity. But how to maintain this freedom of expression in modern times is a problem which jazz confronts. It is, therefore , necessary to know where jazz originated from.

The origins of jazz can be credited to the Negro slaves from the west coast of Africa. Viewed in historical

perspective , its sounds and moods reflect the struggle and growth of a people. Abolition of slavery gave jazz the force that increased the rate of its development. For twenty years after Abolition, the Negro‘s main source of musical expression was still his voice. Then it grew into the blues which were the foundation of jazz. The blues were a rich, social and personal musical language which expressed man‘s natural thinking and emotions. After the Civil War, instead of using traditional methods to express himself, the Negro began to use the musical brass instruments to replace the vocal wailing of the blues. He blew the blues into his horn. At the beginning of the twentieth century, jazz spread quickly from New Orleans to the whole country and grew into maturity . Although jazz faced the problem of reduced audience during the Great Depression, its spirit was kept alive everywhere. In the forties jazz developed into modern jazz, which is different from classic jazz. Modern jazz features a style of economy and simplicity, but it also emphasizes emotional qualities . Now jazz has virtually spread across the whole world, some people think it necessory to make jazz become a larger form of composition. However, jazz is substantially different from the composed music. It is primarily an aural music. Its creative nature is dependent upon the ear. Jazz, the symbol of freedom and creativity, cannot be truly written down. Jazz is a creative and spontaneous music for the people and by the people. Unite 6（P145）

The scientific study of man can be traced back to ancient times, even beyond Aristotle and Hippocrates to indistinct beginnings. Since Hippocrates, the medical sciences have kept the tradition that combines theory and practice. Hippocrates who taught medicine looked on the adaptation of the doctor to his work, accurate observation of things and the wise construction of a theory as the indispensable parts of effective work in any circumstances. He was opposed to the ancient, traditional myths and superstitions existing in the medical field of his day, and the pretentious systematization of knowledge that lacked solid, objective foundation. However, the social sciences today suffer from the same defects as those of the medical sciences to which Hippocrates was opposed, for social and political myths are everywhere current and the social sciences consist of elaborate speculation on an insufficient foundation of fact.

There are two kinds of human behavior.: one is thinking, talking and writing about subjects which are clearly and logically

related to concrete observations and experiences; the other kind of behavior is completely the opposite of the former. The medical sciences mainly emphasize classificatory, descriptive and systematic knowledge. Their theories are the result of

6

the combined efforts of a great number of investigators. In the natural sciences, testing of thought by observation and experiment is continuous. Thus, theories and generalizations of all kinds are constantly being corrected, modified and adapted to the salient and recurrent phenomena.

However, the systems in the social sciences are different . They lack in special methods and special skills.

Neither theories nor descriptive systems developed by adaptation to the increasing knowledge and experience of the scientist, but are derived from the mind of one man. Theories are generally not held in commom by all investigators. So disagreement and controversy exist in the social sciences. Thinking in the social sciences suffers chiefly from two defects: One is the fallacy of misplaced concreteness; the other, the intrusion of sentiments into the thinking. These defects make the theories of the social sciences hardly applicable to practice.

From the comparative study we can draw the conclusion that the medical sciences are successful in the scientific study of

man while the social sciences are not. Unite 7（P170）

As the society becomes more and more affluence , there appears a shrinking of workweek. The average hours worked per week have declined drastically in the last century. This is because there is less urgency for the production of goods as the individuals are less urgently in need of income for their purchases of goods. They may choose to work fewer hours or to work less hard. On the other hand, the industry may recruit fewer workers releasing the old and young of the hard toils. With the rapid change in the labor force, there has emerged a New Class, for whom, work is an important source of satisfaction and is taken for granted that it will be enjoyable. The pay for the job is not the principal motivation but a prime index of prestige-the respect and esteem of others. The overwhelming qualification for a member of the New Class is education, an investment of money, time and energy. It is believed that education will enable them to gain an to the hierarchical world .Education is ,thus, regared as the central goal of the society ,But unlike the investment of material capital, the investment of education is less quantitatively measurable and tangible. The product can neither be seen nor valued. Nevertheless, people‘s efforts to join the New Class are general and obvious, so the New Class is expanding rapidly. An interesting and rewarding occupation is the aspiration of the society as a whole 。 Unite 11（P276）

From thousands of year, particular colors have been used to signify certain qualities or conditions. They are often given spiritual or religious significance. Although the symbolic significance is universally recognized, the symbolism itself occasions some controversy. Do colors have the same meaning for all peoples in all periods of history? What identifies colors with their symbolic meaning? In what direction should this study be oriented? Psychoanalysts have to solve this problem by a theory of collective libido.

We must have realized that certain aspects of nature obviously tend to arouse in all human beings identical feelings which may produce the same kinds of symbolism. The various wavelengths of light have similar effects on all nervous systems. However, neither nature nor emotions can do more than suggest things to the mind, because they do not offer a basis for a coherent of symbols. When individual and group symbolism tally, it is not that psychological factors explain sociological features, but that, on the contrary, outward civilization imposes its standards and traditions on the individual. Colors as the expression of certain emotional reactions must therefore be separated from the problem of color as a symbol. The cultural symbolism of color must be considered independently of physiology or psychoanalysis, Every civilization has its own system of symbols. But the real question is whether or not the same system of symbols recurs in all civilizations. So far, it has been the practice to compare the use of same color in a number of entirely different countries or during periods of history as distant as possible from one another. To find the real meaning, one real meaning, one really needs to study color in every historical or cultural context and, above all, to consider all the uses made of color. Research on the symbolism of color is within the sphere of ethnography. Before using the comparative myths, proceeding from one cultural areas to the next, or follow the routes of the great protohistoric or historic invasion. By a comparative study, we shall see that colors have a given significance only within certain contexts.

An interpretation of color system should be undertaken with reference to an interpretation of cultures, and it would then become obvious that certain patterns can be distinguished. The problem of symbolism is not only of theoretical interest, it also has 7

practical implication. Feelings of human beings are generally believed to depend on the system of accepted symbols, and that symbols may influence feelings in certain ways. There is not only color symbolism; there is also color prejudice, which affected by the symbolism. It certainly cannot be said that color prejudice is based solely on such symbolism, but the latter definitely has an influence. To recognize the relativity of systems of symbols may therefore be an effective aid in eradicating race prejudices and removing ethnic stereotypes. 翻译部分

Unite 1 (p18)

科学是一门知识，是解决工业、农业、战争和医疗方面技术问题的非常有用的工具。要了解科学在解决个人和国家面临的物质和精神方面可以达到什么广度和深度，就必须了解科学的真正含义是什么。

科学一词来自拉丁语Scire,它的意思是“知道”。所以，从广义上讲，科学不过是指我们所知道的事情，是人类知识的总和。但是，把科学定义为人类的全部知识是不切实际的，因为很明显，有各种不同门类的知识。这些知识根据其获得的方法以及它所适合的经验范围而有所不同。我们要了解的艺术、文学、法律、宗教和专门技术知识等都不同程度的分属于各种的知识财富，与我们通常所说的科学没有什么联系。

科学也称为自然科学，以区别于其他知识门类。科学和自然界有关，也就是说和自然界中一切存在的事物和发生的现象的特点和过程有关。科学包括整个自然界，它精辟的阐述了人类关于各种自然现象是如何彼此联系并如何构成我们所说的宇宙的种种概念。

科学有许多特性，要了解科学是什么，就得仔细的考察一下这些性能和特点。有一些作者断言说科学实际上只是一种方法―科学的方法。这样的定义是过于简单化了。但是科学方法在决定科学知识的性质方面肯定起着重要的作用。

Science is a kind of knowledge which is a very useful tool in solving the technical problems of industry, agriculture, warfare and medicine. To understand the width and depth to which science can be applied to the material and spiritual problems that confront individuals and nations requires an understanding of what science really is.

The word science comes to us from a Latin word, Scire, which means ―to know‖. Then, in a broad sense, science is simply what we know; the total of all human knowledge. But the definition of science as all human knowledge would not be a workable one, for it is obvious that there are different types of knowledge. The kinds differ according to how the knowledge was obtained, and also according to what frame of experience it fits. What we know of the arts, literature, law, religion, and technical knowhow, are more or less separate funds of information. They have little to do with what we commonly call science.

Science is also called natural science to distinguish it from other branches of learning. Science is concerned with nature, that is, with knowledge of the characteristics and operations of any all natural things and happenings. Science embraces all of nature, and expresses our best ideas of how natural phenomena are related to each other and are to be formed into what is called the universe.

Science has many characteristics, and to understand what science is requires a detailed examination of these properties and peculiarities. A number of writers have asserted that science is really only a method – the scientific method. Such a definition is an oversimplification, but it is certain that the scientific method plays an important role in determining the nature of scientific knowledge. Unite 3 (P71)

许多人声称自己从来不看广告，但此类说法让人难以置信。在当今世界里，不看广告几乎做不到的。想想看，广

告给我们带来多少乐趣！想象一下，假如汽车站或是火车站里没有广告会是怎样一种情形？等车时无奈地盯着空白的墙面能让你感到快乐么？一条明快的、妙语连珠的广告会使单调的墙壁和报纸发生什么样的变化？我们也不能忘记，广告对我们的腰包也有积极的贡献。报社、广播和电视台如果没有广告收入怎能生存？事实上，我们花这么少的钱就能看报纸，或是欣赏五花八门的广播和电视节目，完全是因为广告商出资的缘故。设想一下，如果全部费用由读者承担，那报纸该卖是卖价？还有一样我们不能忘记，那就是几乎一切都可以通过这些栏目完成，如：找工作、买房卖房、告知出生、结婚、逝世等，这是广告中的广告。

Lots of people pretend that they never read advertisements, but this claim is hardly believable. It is almost impossible not to read advertisements these days. Just think what fun they often provide! Image what a bus and railway station would be like without advertisements? Would you enjoy gazing helplessly at a blank wall while waiting for a bus or train? Would you like to read a daily paper closely-printed with columns of news? A cheerful, witty advertisement makes such a difference to a drab wall or newspaper. We must not forget, either, that advertising makes a positive contribution to our pockets. Newspapers, radio or television stations could not subsist without this source of revenue. The fact that we pay so little for our daily paper or can enjoy so many programs on air is due entirely to the money spent by advertisers. Just think what a newspaper would cost if we had to pay its full price! Another thing we mustn‘t forget is the ―small ads‖ which are in virtually every newspaper what a tremendously useful service they perform for the community! Just about everything can be accomplished through these columns, for instance; you can find a job,

8

buy or sell a house, announce a birth, marriage or death. It‘s the advertisement among the advertisements. Unite 4 (P96)

对一般经常去听音乐会的人来说，在伟大的音乐家中还很少有像柴可夫斯基（Tschaikovsky）这样如此让人着迷。

几乎在所有的乐曲形式中都能找到他的深受人们欢迎的作品。这也确是理所当然的事。柴可夫斯基的音乐洋溢着温暖人心的博爱和激动的戏剧效果。人们很容易领会他的主题和情绪。那种个人特有的，亲切的曲调强烈地表现在音乐中，使我们很自然地分享到柴可夫斯基的欢乐与悲伤，例如，在听他的《悲呛交响曲》（Pathetic Symphony）和《胡桃夹子组曲》（Nutcracker Ballet Suite）时就是这种情况。他的音乐好像是把我们当作他的知心人，向我们展示他内心的秘密。虽然柴可夫斯基情绪变化的范围很大――从变化莫测的轻松愉快的幻想到疾风暴雨似的痛苦呐喊――但是正如在生活中一样，在音乐中他也基本上是一个忧郁的人。也许正是他的音乐在传达极强烈的感情和痛苦时的那种真诚，使千百万人为他的交响乐和协奏曲所吸引。一种坦率的真诚和温暖人心的感情从他的音乐中奔涌出来。他那最动人的旋律环绕在人们的心头，使人们久久不能忘怀。只要在真诚的艺术形式中所表现的真诚感情能够打动人心，柴可夫斯基的音乐就将继续在音乐厅和歌剧院中占据很高的位置。

在那些为人们所喜爱而反复轮演的各种音乐形式的乐曲中，只有贝多芬（Beethoven）和莫扎特(Mozart)才能在数

量上与柴可夫斯基相匹敌。柴可夫斯基的小提琴协奏曲(violin concerto)和贝多芬的小提琴协奏曲同样是人们要求演奏的曲目。《悲呛交响曲》是保留曲目中持久不衰的受到人们喜爱的三四部作品之一。柴可夫斯基的《胡桃夹子组曲》也许是这一类乐曲中最受人们欢迎的一部了。

Few great names in music spell as much magic to the average concert-goer as that of Tschaikovsky. In almost every

musical form will be found a work of his ranking high in popularity. And quite deservedly so, Tschaikovsky‘s music is filled with a warm humanity and stirring drama. The themes and feelings are easy to grasp. The personal intimate note is so strong in this music that we find it natural, while listening to the Pathetic Symphony or the Nutcracker Ballet Suite, for example, to share Tschaikovsky‘s joys and sorrows, this music seems to take us into his confidence and show us the secret places of his heart. Although Tschaikovsky‘s range of moods is wide-from the whimsical play of light fantasy to stormy outcries of anguish-essentially he was a melancholy man, in his music as in his life. Perhaps it is the genuineness of his music in conveying strong emotions and suffering that has drawn millions to his symphonies and concerts. A frank sincerity and warm-heartedness flow from his music. The best of his melodies linger hauntingly in the mind and heart. As long as sincere feeling expressed in sincere artistic form can move the hearts of men. Tschaikovsky‘s music will continue to hold a high place in the concert hall and opera house.

Only Beethoven and Mozart can rival Tschaikovsky in the number of compositions in various musical forms that stands out as repertory favorites. Tschaikovsky‘s violin concerto is as much a ―request‖ item as Beethoven‘s. The Pathetic Symphony ranks with the three or four enduring favorites of repertory. Tschaikovsky‘s Nutcracker Ballet is probably the most popular suite of its kind in music.

Unite 6 (P148)

强调“实用性”是以社会科学从属于自然科学为其特征的。历史不是被看作传给新一代的必不可少的经验，而是带有霉味的抽象概念。艺术被视为某种需要放纵或赞助的东西，在讲究实际的现实中没有它的位置。政治学被更多地看成是为有志从政者开的一种专门科学，而不是为公民提供的一个机会，使他们与支配人类社会的各种统治制度逐渐建立起一种通达的关系。最后，分配给文学和哲学的是一种与“真正的”教育不相关的智力装饰品的角色。

对任何一个受过专业或职业教育的人来说，没有什么比有能力处理抽象或复杂的事物，能够自在地感知思想或语言上的微妙之处，能够合乎逻辑地思考问题等更为重要。只懂疾病的医生与既懂人的心理又懂病理机体的医生相比显然处于劣势。对从事技术的人来说，善于他人合作可以说与善于设计运动机件同等重要。

社会科学决不可被放弃，除非人类的过去从不存在或者没有任何值得我们今天借鉴的东西；除非思维过程与目的的实现毫无关系；除非创造力为人的智力所不及，且与人生的乐趣风马牛不相及；除非人际关系是生活中无法预测的一个方面；除非人们从来不必与恐惧和痛苦抗争，或者说除非人们从来不必预料因果关系；除非心灵与自然界的奥秘都已全部探索清楚。

Emphasis on ―practicalities‖ is being characterized by the subordination of the social to the natural sciences .History is seen not as essential experience to be transmitted to new generations, but as abstractions that carry stale odors. Art is regarded as something that calls for indulgence or patronage and that has no place among the practical realities. Political science is viewed more as a specialized subject for people who want to go into politics than as an opportunity for citizens to develop a knowledgeable relationship with the systems by which human societies are governed. Finally, literature and philosophy are assigned the role of intellectual adornments that have nothing to do with ―genuine‖ education.

Nothing is more valuable for anyone who has had a professional or vocational education than to be able to deal with abstractions or complexities, or to feel comfortable with subtleties of thought or language, or to think logically, The doctor who knows only disease is at a disadvantage compared with the doctor who knows at least as much about people as he does about pathological organisms. For the technologist, the engineering of operation can be just as important as the engineering of moving parts.

The social sciences would be expendable only if the human past never existed or had nothing to tell us about the present; if thought processes were irrelevant to the achievement of purpose; if creativity was beyond the human mind and had nothing to do with the joy of living; if human relationships were random aspects of life; if human beings never had to cope with panic or pain. or if they never had to anticipate the connection between cause and effect; if all the mysteries of mind and nature were fully probed.

9

Unite 7 (P174)

我们生活在一个物质社会里，从小就受到“物欲”的熏陶，我们的财产----“我的”和“你的”----- 从小就清清楚楚地标明了。但我们长大到能维持生计时，我们一点也不惊讶地发现成功是用你能赚多少钱来衡量的。然而，不只是在富裕的社会里人们才沉迷于赚钱，消费品在哪里都是人们所向往的，所以现代企业主动出击不断开辟新市场。

以前工业产品做得坚固耐用的日子已经一去不复返了。工业化的车轮滚滚向前，内在的淘汰提供了一个办法：制造产品的目的就是为了要抛弃它，人们刚刚买到今年的新款式就开始考虑怎么把它换掉。

这种实利主义的观念严重的影响教育。现在，越来越少的年轻人仅仅为了获取知识而学习，每一门功课都要有一定的向导，比如通往更高的薪金。对高科技人员的需求远远大于供给，各大公司相互竞争，在学生毕业之前就将他们征募，并且提供诱人的薪金及额外津贴。如此的招募策略导致“人才外流”，及高科技人才为出价高的人提供服务的现象。有钱的国家夺去了他们的穷邻居最能干的公民。在财富之神备受崇拜之时，富人越富；穷人越穷。

We live in a materialistic society and are nurtured from our earliest years to be acquisitive. Our possessions --- ―mine‖ and ―yours‖ --- are clearly labeled from early childhood. When we grow old enough to earn a living, it does mot surprise us to discover that success is measured in terms of the money you earn. However, it is not only in affluent societies that people are obsessed with the idea of making more money. Consumer goods are desirable everywhere and modern industry deliberately sets out to create new markets.

Gone are the days when industrial goods were made to last forever. The wheels of the industry must be kept turning. Built-in obsolescence provides the means: goods are made to be discarded. You no sooner acquire this year‘s model than are thinking about its replacement.

This materialistic outlook has seriously influenced education. Fewer and fewer young people these days acquire knowledge only for its own sake. Every course of studies must lead somewhere, for example, to a bigger wage packet, the demand for high- tech personnel far exceeds the supply and big companies compete with each other to recruit students before they have completed their studies. Tempting salaries and ―fringe benefits‖ are offered to them. Recruiting tactics of this kind have led to the brain drain. The phenomenon in which highly skilled people offer their service to the highest bidder. The wealthier nations deprive their poorer neighbors of their most able citizens. While mammon is worshipped as never before, the rich get richer and the poor, poorer. Unite 11 (P279)

我们都把颜色和感情及态度联系在一起。在政治领域，暗蓝色常表示―传统‖,红色表示政变，而蓝色也能表示背伤。白色常和纯洁联系在一起。当然在中国，白色则是葬礼服装的颜色，红色则表示婚庆的喜悦；而在西欧，白色是婚庆服装的颜色，黑色则是葬礼服装的颜色。广告商知道选择颜色的重要性，他们往往根据人们对颜色的不同反应来选择其颜色。肥皂粉用白色和浅蓝色包装（纯洁如冰）。谷物常用棕色包装（麦田的颜色）。但化妆品从不用棕色罐装。

这些想法从哪里的来呢？日内瓦大学的Max Luscher教授认为人类之初受制于两种不以我们意志为转移的力量；黑夜与白天。黑夜产生消极状态，新陈代谢总体减缓；白昼产生了行动的可能性，代谢率提高，给我们提供了体力和主动性。因此，暗色是一种安静和消极的颜色，鲜黄色是希望和行动的颜色。在史前人类活动中，一般采取其中之一。或者是我们狩猎和攻击；或者是我们被追逐而自卫。红色普遍被认为具有攻击性，而作为映衬的绿色被认为是自我保护。

We all associate colors with feeling and attitudes. In politics, dark blue often means ―tradition‖ and red means ―social change‖. But blue can also mean sadness, and white is often for purity, although in china white is worn for funerals, and red is used to express that joy of a wedding. In Western Europe white is worn at weddings and black for funerals. Advertisers are aware of the important of selecting colors and often do that according to the way people react to them. Soap powders come in white and light blue packets (clean and pure, like ice); cereals often come in brown packets (like wheat fields), but cosmetics never come in brown jars.

Where do these ideas come from? Max Luscher from the University of Geneva believes that in the beginning life was dictated by two factors beyond our control: night and day. Night brought passivity, and a general slowing down of metabolism; day brought with it the possibility of action, and increase in the metabolic rate, thus providing us with energy and initiative. Dark blue, therefore, is the color of quiet and passivity, bright yellow the color of hope and activity. In prehistoric times, activity as a rule took one of two forms: either we were hunting and attacking, or we were being hunted and defending ourselves against attack. Attack is universally represented by the color red; self-preservation by its complement green.

阅读（C） Unite 1

Education cannot help us as long as it accords no place to metaphysics. Whether the subjects taught are subjects of science or of the humanities, if the teaching does not lead to a clarification of metaphysics, that is to say, of our fundamental convictions, it

10

cannot educate a man and consequently, cannot be of real value to society.

It is often asserted that education is breaking down because of over-specialization. But this is only a partial and misleading diagnosis. Specialization is not in itself a faulty principle of education. What would be the alternative — an amateurish smattering of all major subjects? Or a lengthy stadium generale (general studies) in which men are forced to spend their time sniffing at subjects which they do not wish to pursue, while they are being kept away from what they want to learn? This cannot be the right answer, since it can only lead to the type of intellectual man, whom Cardinal Newman castigated – ―an intellectual man, as the world now conceives of him„ one who is full of ˊviewsˊ on all subjects of philosophy, on all matters of the day‖. Such ―viewiness‖ is a sign of ignorance rather than knowledge. ―Shall I teach you the meaning of knowledge?‖ said Confucius. ―When you know a thing to recognize that you know it, and when you do not, to know that you do not know – that is knowledge.‖

What is at fault is not specialization, but the lack of depth with which the subjects are ueually presented, and the absence of metaphysical awareness. The sciences are being taught without any awareness of the presupposition of science, of the meaning and significance of scientific laws, and of the place occupied by the natural sciences within the whole cosmos of human thought.

Education can help us only if it produces ―whole man‖. The truly educated man is not a man who knows a bit of everything, not even the man who knows all the details of all subjects (if such a thing were possible): the ―whole man‖, in fact, may have little detailed knowledge of facts and theories, he may treasure the Encyclopaedia Britannica because ―she knows and he needn‘t‖, but he will be truly in touch with the centre. He will not be in doubt about his basic convictions, about his view on the meaning and purpose of his life. He may not be able to explain these matters in words, but the conduct of his life will show a certain sureness of touch which stems from his inner clarity.

The problems of education are merely reflection of the deepest problems of our age. They cannot be solved by organization, administration, or the expenditure of money, even though the importance of all these is not denied. We are suffering form a metaphysical disease, and the cure must therefore be metaphysical. Education which fails to clarify our central convictions is mere training or indulgence. For it is our central convictions that are in disorder, and , as long as the present anti-metaphysical temper persists, the disorder will grow worse. Education, far from ranking as man‘s greatest resource, will then be an agent of destruction, in accordance with the principle corruptio optimi pessima (through corruption the best becomes the worst). Unite 3

In ancient times the most common form of advertising was by word of mouth. However, commercial messages were found in some countries three centuries ago. As printing developed in the 15th and 16th centuries, the first steps toward modern advertising were taken. In the 17th century advertisements started to appear in weekly newspapers in England, and a century later advertising has become a popular thing.

The original meaning of advertising is some way to broadcast some messages in some media. The modern ads are written to have their effect on those whose attention is disperse message between people, and some products need to be known by more people, the commercial advertising has thus come to the manufacturer‘s need. Now the advertisement is a shortcut to make some new products well known. As the economy was expanding during the 19th century, the need for advertising grew at the same pace. Advertising is the

promotion of goods, services, companies and ideas, most often through paid messages. Marketers see advertising as part of an overall promotional strategy. Through advertising, more potential customers will know and buy such goods, and the marketers will benefit more from those goods sold. So, the aims of commercial advertisement are just to effect idea people think of some goods or services ,and then to induce people to buy such goods. Advertising ultimately seeks to establish what is called ―mind share‖. Mind share is the status a brand can achieve when it

co-exists with deeper, more empirical categories of objects. Mind share can be established to a greater or lesser degree depending on product or market. For example ,Cola is common to hear people refer to soft drink, regardless of whether it is actually produced by Coca-Cola or not. The ad is the linkage between manufacturer and product, product and customer. There are some factors affecting consumer

attitude toward advertisement. The first is the content of an advertisement. From the content people could find out the goods‘ merits, functions and characters. The second is the objects who may buy these goods in the future. The advertising media is the third factor, which include printed flyers, radio, television, web banners, etc. Techniques or methods to achieve advertisement aim 11

are also important. Advertisers use several recognizable techniques in order to better convince the public to buy a product. These may include repetition, bandwagon, testimonials, pressure and association, some advertisers concentrate on making sure their product is widely recognized. To that end, they simply attempt to make the name remembered through repetition. By implying that the product is widely used, advertisers hope to convince potential buyers to ―get on the bandwagon.‖ Advertisers often attempt to promote the superior quality of their product through the testimony of ordinary users, experts or both.‖ Three out of four dentists recommended…‖This approach often involves an appeal to authority. By attempting to make people choose quickly and without long consideration, some advertisers hope to make rapid sales:‖ Buy now, before they‘re all gone!‖ Advertisers often attempt to associate their product with desirable things, in order to make it seem equally desirable. The use of attractive models, picturesque landscapes and other similar imagery is common. ―Buy now, before they‘re all gone!‖ Advertisers often attempt to associate their product with desirable things, in order to make it seem equally desirable. The use of attractive models, picturesque landscapes and other similar imagery is common. ―Buzzwords‖ with desirable associations are also used. Unite 4

Music expresses its times. Rock music is really a sociological expression rather than a musical force. Even Elvis Presley

wasn‘t really a great musical force. It‘s just that Elvis managed to embody the frustrated teenage spirit of the 1950s. No doubt Presley horrified adult America. Newspapers editorialized against him, and TV networks banned him. When he appeared on the Ed Sullivan Sunday night variety show, in front of millions, a kind of ―debate‖ took place. Most of the older viewers frowned, while most of the younger viewers applauded.

Between Elvis and Alice, rock critics say, a number of rock stars have helped our society define its beliefs and attitudes.

Bob Dylan touched a nerve of disaffection. He spoke of civil rights, nuclear fallout, and loneliness. He spoke of change and of the bewilderment of an older generstion. ―Something‘s happening here,‖ he sang. ―You don‘t know what it is, do you, Mr. Jones?‖

Others entered the debate. The Beatles urged peace and piety, with humor and maybe a little help from drugs. The Rolling Stones, arrogant street-fighting men, demanded revolution. The Jefferson Airplane‘s ―We Can Be Together‖ and ―Volunteers (Got a Revolution)‖ were two further statements of radical youth.

But politics wasn‘t the only subject debated in the hard rock of the sixties. Feelings, always a part of any musical statement, were a major subject. Janis Joplin sang of her sadness. The Beatles showed there was a range of emotions between love and hate. Then came the Band, mixing the more traditional ideas of country and western music into the more radical ―city‖ ideas of hard rock. This country element helped its audience express an urge to get away from it all and to go back to the old days. One of the best examples is John Denver. His most notable songs—―Sunshine on My Shoulders‖, ―Rocky Mountain High,‖ and ―Country Road‖—combine the musical drive and power of folk rock, while the lyrics celebrate the simple joys of ―the good old days.‖

The list could go on and on. Like all artists, these rock musicians mirror feelings and beliefs that help us see and form our own. What do we give them in return? Applause and praise, of course. In one national opinion poll, more than 10 percent of the high school boys and 20 percent of the girls said their hero was a rock superstar. We also give them money. ―The fastest way to become a millionaire these days,‖ says Forbes, a business magazine, ―is to become a rock ‗n‘ roll star.‖

Today‘ heroes---some of them, anyway---tell us they enjoy their rewards. ―And I laughed to my self at the men and the

ladies. Who never conceived of us billion-dollar babies.‖ The particular ―culture hero‖ who sings that is Alice Cooper.

The big question remains Why is he a culture hero? What does he—or any other current rock success—tell us about his

fans? About ourselves and our society? Where it is, where it was, where it‘s heading? Unite 6

What is the nature of the scientific attitude, the attitude of the man or woman who studies and applies physics, biology,

chemistry, geology, medicine or any other science?

We all know that science plays an important role in the societies in which we live. Many people believe, however, that our progress depends on two different aspects of science. The first of these is the application of the machines, products and systems of applied knowledge that scientists and technologists develop. Through technology, science improves the structure of society and helps man to gain increasing control over his environment. New fibres and drugs, faster and safer means of transport, new systems of applied knowledge (psychiatry, operational research, etc.) are some examples of this aspect of science.

12

The second aspect is the application by all members of all members of society, from the government official to the

ordinary citizen, of the special methods of thought and action that scientists use in their work.

What are these special methods of thinking and acting? First of all, it seems that a successful scientist is full of curiosity –

he want to find out how and why the universe works. He usually directs his attention towards problems which he notices have no satisfactory explanation, and his curiosity makes him look for underlying relationships even if the data available seem to be unconnected. Moreover, he thinks he can improve the existing conditions, whether of pure or applied knowledge, and enjoys trying to solve the problems which this involves.

He is a good observer, accurate, patient and objective and applies persistent and logical thought to the observations he makes. He utilizes the facts he observes to the fullest extent, for example, trained observers obtain a very large amount of information about a star (e.g. distance, mass, velocity, size, etc.) mainly from the accurate analysis of the simple lines that appear in a spectrum.

He is sceptical --- he does not accept statements which are not base on the most complete evidence available --- and

therefore rejects authority as the sole basis for truth. Scientists always check statements and make experiments carefully and objectively to verify them. Furthermore, he is not only critical of the work of others, but also of his own, since he knows that man is the least reliable

of scientific instruments and that a number of factors tend to disturb impartial and objective investigation.

Lastly, he is highly imaginative since he often has to look for relationships in data which are not only complex but also

frequently incomplete. Furthermore, he needs imagination if he wants to make hypotheses of how processes work and how events take place. These seem to be some of the ways in which a successful scientist or technologist objectively.

Unite 7

The art of living is to know when to hold fast and when to hold fast and when to let go. For life is a paradox, we cling to its many gifts even while it ordained their eventual relinquishment. The rabbis of old put it this way .A man comes to this world with his fist clenched, but when he dies, his hand is open.

Surely we ought to hold fast to life, for it is wondrous, and full of a beauty that breaks through every pore of God‘s own earth. We know that this is so, but all too often we recognize this truth only in our backward glance when we remember what was and then suddenly realize that it is no more.

We remember a beauty that faded, a love that waned. But we remember with far greater pain that we did not see that beauty when it flowered, that we failed to respond with love when it was tendered .It is the first pole of life‘s paradoxical demands on us: Never too busy for the wonder of life, Embrace each hour and each golden minute. But life moves along to confront us with the second truth: at every stage of life we sustain losses-and to grow in the process. Ultimately, we must confront the inevitability of our own demise, losing ourselves as it were, all that we were or dreamed to be. But why should we create things of beauty when beauty fades? Why give our heart in love when those we love will ultimately be torn from our grasp? In order to resolve this paradox, we must seek a wider perspective, viewing our lives as through windows that open on eternity. Once we do that, we realize that though our lives are finite, our deeds on earth weave a timeless pattern. Life is never just being. It is a becoming, a relentless flowing on. Our parents live on through us, and we live on through our children. The institutions we build endure and we will endure through them. The beauty we fashion cannot be dimed by death. Our flesh may perish, our hands will wither, but that which they create in beauty and goodness and truth lives on for all time to come.

Don‘t spend and waste your lives accumulating objects that will only turn to dust and ashes. Pursue not so much the material as the ideal, for ideals alone invest life with meaning and are of enduring worth. Add love to a house and you have a home. Add truth to a pile of red brick and you have a school. Add justice to the persistent human endeavor and you have civilization. Put them all together, exalt them above their imperfections, add to them the vision off humankind free of need and strife and you have a future lighted with the radiant colors of hope. Unite 11

The world ―expression‖ has two principle meanings. In one sense it means self-expression --- giving vent to our felling. It this sense it refers to a symptom of what we feel. Self-expression is a spontaneous reaction to an actual, present situation, an event, 13

the company we are in, things people say, or what the weather does to us; it bespeaks the physical and mental state we are in and the emotions that stir us.

In another sense, however, ―expression‖ means the presentation of an idea, usually by the proper and apt use of words. But a device for presenting an idea is what we call a symbol, not a symptom. Thus a word is a symbol, and so is a meaningful combination of words. A sentence, which is a special combination of words, expresses the idea of some stare of affairs, real or imagined. Sentences are complicated symbols. Language will formulate new ideas as well as communicate old ones, so that all people know a lot of things that have merely heard or read about. Symbolic expression, therefore, extends our knowledge beyond the scope of our experience. If an idea is clearly conveyed by means of symbols we say it is well expressed. A person may work for a long time to give his statement the best possible from, to find the exact words for what he means to say, or to carry his account or his argument most directly from one point to another. But a discourse so worked out is certainly not a spontaneous reaction. Giving expression to an idea is obviously a anger is well expressed. The symptoms just are what they are, there is no critical standard for symptoms. If, on the other hand, the angry man tries to tell you what he is fuming about, he will have to collect himself, curtail his emotional expression, and find words to express his ideas. For to tell a story coherently involves ―expression‖ in quite a different sense; this sort of expression is not ―self-expression‖, but may be called ―conceptual expression‖

Language, of course, is our prime instrument of conceptual expression. The things we can say are in effect the things we can think. Words are the terms of well as well as the terms in which we present our thoughts, because they present the object for thought to thinker himself. Before language communicates ideas, it gives them what they are. Whatever has a name is an object for thought. Without words sense experience is only a flow of impression, as subjective as our feelings; words make it objective, and carve it up into things and facts that we can note, remember, and think about. Language gives outward experience its form, and makes it definite and clear.

14