限定性定语从句

限定性定语从句关系代词

关系代词：在句中作主语、宾语或定语

1. that既可代表事物也可代表⼈，which代表事物；它们在从句中作主语或宾语，that在从句中作宾语时常可省略关系词，which在从句中作宾语也可以省略。[e g：This is the book （which）you want.]

2⽽且，如果which在从句中作“不及物动词＋介词”的介词的宾语，注意介词不要丢掉，⽽且介词总是放在关系代词which的前边，但有的则放在它原来的位置

3. 代表物时多⽤which，但在下列情况中⽤that⽽不⽤which：a)先⾏词是anything, everything, nothing , none等不定代词时；

b)先⾏词由every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等修饰时，这时的that常被省略；c)先⾏词前有序数词或形容词最⾼级修饰时；d)先⾏词就是序数词或最⾼级时；e)先⾏词中既有⼈⼜有物时；f)整个句中前⾯已有which时；g)当先⾏词为物并作表语时。

4. who和whom引导的从句⽤来修饰⼈，分别作从句中的主语和宾语，whom 作宾语时，要注意它可以作动词的宾语也可以作介词的宾语

5. whose是关系代词，修饰名词作定语，相当于所修饰成分的前置所有格.它引导的从句可以修饰⼈和物, 当它引导的从句修饰物体时, 可以与of which 调换,表达的意思⼀样。关系副词

关系副词：在句中作状语关系副词=介词+关系代词why=for which

where=in/ at/ on/ ... which (介词同先⾏词搭配)when=during/ on/ in/ ... which (介词同先⾏词搭配)1. where是关系副词，⽤来表⽰地点的定语从句。

2. when引导定语从句表⽰时间［注］值得⼀提的是，表⽰时间“time\"⼀词的定语从句只⽤when引导，有时不⽤任何关系代词，当然也不⽤that引导。

By the time you arrived in London, we had stayed there for two we eks.I still remember the first time I met her.

Each time he goes to business trip, he brings a lot of living neces sities, such as towels, soap, toothbrush etc。3. 当从句的逻辑主语是some, any, no, somebody, anybody, nobody, so

mething, anything, everything或nothing时，常⽤there is来引导There is somebody here who wants to speak to you. 这⾥有⼈要和你说话。⾮限定性定语从句

⾮限定性定语从句的作⽤是对所修饰的成分作进⼀步说明，通常是引导词和先⾏词之间⽤逗号隔开，将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成⽴

1. which引导的⾮限定性定语从句来说明前⾯整个句⼦的情况或主句的某⼀部分

2.当先⾏词是专有名词或物主代词和指⽰代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是⾮限制性的，例如：Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 查理·史密斯去年退休了，他曾经是我的⽼师。My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden.我去年买的的那幢房⼦带着个漂亮的花园。This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 这本⼩说很动⼈，我已经读了三遍。

3.⾮限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先⾏词, 对其进⾏修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要⽤第三⼈称单数，例如：He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他似乎没抓住我的意思，这使我⼼烦。Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液态⽔变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。4. 有时as也可⽤作关系代词

5. 在⾮限定性定语从句中，不能⽤关系副词why和关系代词that，⽽⽤who, whom代表⼈，⽤which,whose代表事物，如果需要⽤why，

可⽤for which代替.；

p.s: which引导⾮限定性定语从句其后不可省略成分，as可以whose通常指⼈也可指物在定语从句中做定语。

(1) He has a friend whose father is a doctor.

(2) I once lived in a house whose roof has fallen in.whose指物时，常⽤以下结构来代替(3) The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.(4) The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.

(5) Do you like the book whose color is yellow?(6) Do you like the book the color of which is yellow?which指物

在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略。

(1) Football is a game which is liked by most boys. ⾜球是⼤多数男孩都喜欢的游戏.(2) This is the pen (which) he bought yesterday. 这是他昨天刚买的钢笔.that指⼈时

相当于who或者whom；指物时，相当于which。在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，做宾语时可省略。

(5) The number of the people that/who come to visit the city each year rises one million.(6) Where is the man that/whom I saw this morning?关系副词引导的定语从句when指时间

在定语从句中做时间状语

(1) I still remember the day when I first came to the school.(2) The time when we got together finally came.where指地点

在定语从句中做地点状语

(1) Shanghai is the city where I was born.

(2) The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down.why指原因

在定语从句中做原因状语

(1) Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane.(2) I don’t know the reason why he looks unhappy today.注意

关系副词引导的从句可以由“介词+关系代词”引导的从句替换(1) The reason why/ for which he refused the invitation is not clear,

(2) From the year when/in which he was going to school he began to know what he wanted when he grew up.1. 含有介词的动词短语⼀般不拆开使⽤，如：look for, look after, take care of 等T This is the watch which/that I am looking for. (T＝正确)F This is the watch for which I am looking. (F＝错误)

2. 若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指⼈时⽤whom，不可⽤who或者that；指物时⽤which，不能⽤that；关系代词是所有格时⽤whose

(1) The man with whom you talked is my friend. (T)The man with that you talked is my friend. (F)

(2) The plane in which we flew to Canada is very comfortable. (T)The plane in that we flew in to Canada is very comfortable. (F)

3. “介词+关系代词”前可有some, any, none, both, all, neither, most, ea ch, few等代词或者数词(1) He loved his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to hi m.

(2) In the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone bad.(3) There are forty students in our class in all, most of whom are from big cities.判断介词和关系代词

⽅法⼀：⽤关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。不及物动词后⾯⽆宾语，就必须要求⽤关系副词或者是介词加关系代词；⽽及物动词后接宾语，则要求⽤关系代词。例如：This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you.

判断改错（注：先显⽰题，再显⽰答案，横线；⽤不同的颜⾊表⽰出。）（错）This is the mountain village where I visited last year.（错）I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.（对）This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year.

（对）I'll never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside.

习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词where, when联系在⼀起。此两题错在关系词的误⽤上。⽅法⼆：准确判断先⾏词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状)，也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。例1. Is this museum ___ you visited a few days ago?A. whereB. thatC. on whichD. the one

例2. Is this the museum ____ the exhibition was held?A. whereB. thatC. on whichD. the one

答案：例1 D，例2 A

例1变为肯定句：This museum is ___ you visited a few days ago.例2变为肯定句：This is the museum ___ the exhibition was held.

在句1中，is后应跟表语，只有the one可以，⽽后⾯的you visited a few days ago则做one的定语从句。

⽽句2中, 主、谓、宾俱全，从句部分为句⼦的状语表地点，既可⽤副词wher e，⼜因in the museum词组，可⽤介词in +which 引导地点状语。⽽此题中，介词on ⽤的不对，所以选A。

关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分，先⾏词在从句中做主、定、宾语时，选择关系代词(who, whom, that, which,whose)；

先⾏词在从句中做状语时，应选择关系副词( where 地点状语，when 时间状语，why 原因状语) 。先⾏词和关系词

1)Whoever spits in public will be punished here.(Whoever 可以⽤an yone who 代替)

2)The parents will use what they have to send their son to technic al school. (what 可以⽤all that代替)

但这两句句⼦已经不是定语从句了，是名词性从句。因为定语从句⼀定要有先⾏词，⽽名词性从句没有。将“Whoever”、“what”分别⽤“Anyone who”、“all that”代替后，才是定语从句，先⾏词分别是“Anyone”、“all”。

as,which引导的⾮限制性定语从句由as, which 引导的⾮限定性定语从句，as和which可代整个主句，相当于and this或andthat。As⼀般放在句⾸，whi ch在句中。As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us.典型例题

1）Alice received an invitation from her boss, ___came as a surpris e.A. itB. thatC. whichD. he

答案C。

此为⾮限定性从句，不能⽤that修饰，⽽⽤which.，it 和he 都使后句成为句⼦，两个独⽴的句⼦不能单以逗号连接。况且选he句意不通。

2）The weather turned out to be very good, ___ was more than we could expect.A. whatB. whichC. thatD. it答案B。

which可代替句⼦，⽤于⾮限定性定语从句，⽽what不可。That 不能⽤于⾮限定性定语从句，it不为连词，使由逗号连接的两个句⼦并在⼀起在英语语法上⾏不通。

3）It rained hard yesterday, ____ prevented me from going to the p ark..A. thatB. whichC. asD. it答案B。

as 和which在引导⾮限制性定语从句时，这两个关系代词都指主句所表达的整个意思，且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。但不同之处主要有两点：(1）as 引导的定语从句可置于句⾸，⽽which不可。

(2）as 代表前⾯的整个主句并在从句中作主语时，从句中的谓语必须是系动词；若为⾏为动词，则从句中的关系代词只能⽤which.。

在本题中，prevent由于是⾏为动词，所以正确选项应为B。As 的⽤法例

1. the same… as；such…as 中的as 是⼀种固定结构, 和……⼀样……。I have got into the same trouble as he (has).例2. as可引导⾮限制性从句，常带有'正如'。As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.As is known, smoking is harmful to one's health.As是关系代词。例1中的as作know的宾语；

例2中，它充当从句的主语，谓语动词know要⽤被动式。⼀、“as / which” 特殊定语从句的先⾏成分

1. 形容词或形容词短语作先⾏成分, 具有形容词意义的介词短语也可以充当先⾏成分，如：My grandmother’s house was always of great importance to me, as my own is.

在⼀定的语⾔环境⾥，有些名词可以具有形容词的性质。这些名词主要是那些表⽰⼈的⾝份、职业、状态的名词。值得⼀提的是，在这些具有形容词性质的名词之后，引导定语从句的关系代词不能⽤who / whom.2. 动词短语先⾏成分。

这种动词短语既可是限定形式也可是⾮限定形式。如果是动态动词短语，它们在从句中就⼀般有限定或⾮限定形式的替代动词do和as / which⼀起代替。do可以出现，也可以不出现，但不能⽤其它动词代替。

3. 句⼦作先⾏成分。

这句⼦可以是整个主句也可以只是主句中的⼀个从句。有时是连续⼏个句⼦，有时甚⾄可以是⼀个完整的故事。⼆、“as/which”特殊定语从句在句中的位置

由于先⾏成分的构成成分不同，“as/which”特殊定语从句在句中的位置有以下⼏种情况：

1. 形容词做先⾏成分时：形容词或形容词短语（含具有形容词性质的名词）作先⾏成分，“as / which”特殊定语从句置于先⾏成分之后。

2. 动词短语作先⾏成分时：动词短语作先⾏成分时，“as / which”特殊定语从句置于先⾏成分之后。但是，当从句中含有表⽰主观意志的插⼊成分时，“as”特殊定语从句可以移⾄句⼦之⾸。

3. 句⼦作先⾏成分时：“as”特殊定语从句的位置较灵活，可以置于先⾏成分之前、之中或之后。但如果先⾏成分是直接引语，“as”特殊定语从句多在先⾏成分之前。如果先⾏成分是否定句，“as”特殊定语从句与否定词的相对位置不同可以使它产⽣不同的意义。由于“as”特殊定语从句具有这⼀特点，所以有时它的位置不能随便移动。在⾮正式的⽂体⾥，“which”特殊定语从句可以出现在先⾏成分之中。

三、“as/which”特殊定语从句的语义功能

⼀般说来，as与which的语义功能相同，可以相互替换。但先⾏成分为句⼦时，它们的语义功能则有差异。1. 表⽰结果

表⽰结果的特殊定语从句与其先⾏成分之间存在着⼀定的因果关系，从句中往往使⽤有结果意义的词，如动词result, make,enable, cause和形容词interesting, surprising, delightful, disgraceful等。2. 表⽰评注

表⽰评注的特殊定语从句对其先⾏成分所述事实的正确性有肯定的倾向，它通常与那些表⽰客观事实，普遍真理或某种习性的先⾏成分连⽤；从句中则常⽤⼀些表⽰“合乎⾃然规律”、“众所周知”或“经常发⽣”等意义的词语，如natural, known to all, usual等。

3. 有⽆状语意义

“as”特殊定语从句具有状语意义（主要是⽅式状语意义），⽽“which”特殊定语从句则⽆状语意义。“as”特殊定语从句的状语意义要求它在语义上与其先⾏成分的语义保持⼀致，“which”特殊定语从句则不受这种限制。四、关系代词as与which的句法功能1. as / which 在特殊定语从句中作主语。

as作主语时，谓语动词常为连系动词（主要是be, seem），主语补语为usua l、 a rule、 a matter of fact等时，系动词be习惯经常省略。⾏为动词作“as”特殊定语从句的谓语时⼀般⽤于被动语态（其中助动词be常略），不及物的⾏为动词在“as”特殊定语从句中作谓语的极少，常见的有happen⼀词。如：Freddie, as might be expected, was attending the conference.Which作主语时，谓语动词不限，主动被动皆可，只是谓语动词为被动语态时助动词be省略。2. as和which都可以在特殊定语从句中宾语。3. as和which在特殊定语从句中作补语。如：

We thought him a gentleman, as/which he could never be.

“as”特殊定语从句中可以主谓倒装，“which”从句中则不能主谓倒装。

如果先⾏成分不是主语补语或宾语补语，关系代词⽤which⽽不⽤as。如：He talked like a native, which/as he hardly was.4. which在特殊从定语句中作定语。

which可以在特殊定语从句中作定语，修饰fact, matter, thing 等名词。这些名词代表先⾏成分表达的意义，有时将其略去句义仍然完整。as不能作定语。如：

I was told to go not by train but bus, which advice I followed.关系代词that 的⽤法

(1)不⽤that的情况

(a) 在引导⾮限定性定语从句时。

(错)The tree, that is four hundred years old, Is very famous here.(b) 介词后不能⽤。

We depend on the land from which we get our food.We depend on the land that/which we get our food from.(2) 只能⽤that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况(a)在there be 句型中，只⽤that，不⽤which。

(b)在不定代词，如：anything, nothing, the one, all等作先⾏词时，只⽤that，不⽤which。(c)先⾏词有the only, the very,the same,the last,just修饰时，只⽤that。(d)先⾏词为序数词、数词、形容词最⾼级时，只⽤that,不能⽤which。.(e)先⾏词既有⼈，⼜有物时。(f) 先⾏词指物，在主句中作表语时．(g) 为了避免重复．

(h)先⾏词是the way或the reason时，that可作关系副词，也可省略(i) 主句的主语是疑问词who /which时举例：

Is this the book that you borrowed in the library?这是你在图书馆借的那本书吗？

Who that break the window should be punished．谁打碎了窗户都要受到惩罚．All that is needed is a supply of oil.所需的只是供油问题。

Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police.那贼最终把偷的全部东西交给了警察。that必⽤

1先⾏词是最⾼级或被最⾼级修饰2是序数词或被序数词修饰3不定代词

4先⾏词即指⼈⼜指物

5被only；the every，no，one of等修饰6主句有which；who；whom7there be 句型中

8如果有两个从句，其中⼀个关系代词已⽤了which,另⼀个关系代词宜⽤that 9先⾏词在主句中作表语，或者关系代词本⾝作从句的表语是宜⽤that that在作宾语时可省难点分析

（⼀）限制性定语从句只能⽤that的⼏种情况

1、当先⾏词是anything, everything, nothing (something 除外), few, all, none, little, some等代词时，或者是由every, any, all,some, no, little, few, much，each等修饰时

(1) Have you taken down everything (that) Mr. Li has said?

(2) There seems to be nothing (that) seems impossible for him in t he world.(3) All that can be done has been done.(4) There is little (that) I can do for you.

注意1：部分时候that可以省略，如部分例句将that⽤括号括住。注意2：当先⾏词指⼈时，偶尔也可以⽤who

(4) Any man that/.who has a sense of duty won’t do such a thing.2、当先⾏词被序数词修饰

The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben.3、当先⾏词被形容词最⾼级修饰时This is the best film that I have seen.

4、当形容词被the very, the only，the same,the last 修饰时(1) This is the very good dictionary that I want to buy,

(2) After the fire in his house, the old car is the only thing that he owned.当先⾏词指⼈时，偶尔也可以⽤who

(3) Wang Hua is the only person in our school who will attend the meeting？5、当先⾏词前⾯有who, which等疑问代词时(1) Who is the man that is standing there?(2) Which is the T-shirt that fits me most?6、当先⾏词既有⼈，也有动物或者物体时

Can you remember the scientist and his theory that we have learne d?7.当关系代词在定语从句中做表语

The village is no longer the one that it used to be 10 years ago.8.当在there be句型中，通常情况下⽤that，不⽤which

（⼆）关系代词as和which引导的定语从句as和which引导⾮限制性定语从句，有相同之处也有不同之处。具体情况是：1、As和which都可以在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，代表前⾯整个句⼦。(1) He married her, as/which was natural.(2) He was honest, as/which we can see.

2、as 引导⾮限制性定语从句，可放在主句之前，或者主句之后，甚⾄可以切割⼀个主句；which引导的⾮限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。另外，as有“正如……，正像……”的意思(1) As is known to all, China is a developing country.(2) He is from the south, as we can see from his accent.(3) John, as you know, is a famous writer.

(4) He has been to Paris more than several times, which I don’t be lieve.注意：当主句和从句存在逻辑上的因果关系时，常⽤which。(5) Tom was always late for school, which made his teacher angry.3、当先⾏词受such, the same修饰时，常⽤as(1) I have never heard such a story as he tells.(2) He is not such a fool as he looks.(3) This is the same book as I lost last week.

注意：当先⾏词由the same修饰时，偶尔也⽤that引导定语从句，但是和由as所引导的定语从句意思不同(4) She wore the same dress that she wore at Mary’s wedding.她穿着她在MARY婚礼上穿过的⼀条裙⼦。

(5) She wore the same dress as her young sister wore. 她穿着和她妹妹所穿的⼀样的裙⼦。

注意：定语从句suc h…as …与结果状语从句such… that…的区别：as在所引导的定语从句中作主语，宾语；that在结果状语从句中不做成分

(6)He has such a good laptop as I want to buy.(7)He has such a good laptop that I want to buy one.

(三）以the way为先⾏词的定语从句通常由in which, that引导，⽽且通常可以省略。The way in which/ that/./ he answered the question was surprising.(四) but有时也可以做关系词引导定语从句

There are very few but understand his idea。( but= who don’t )(五) 区分定语从句和同位语从句

1、定语从句修饰先⾏词，它和先⾏词是修饰关系；同位语从句说明先⾏词的具体内容，是补充说明的关系(1) The plane that has just taken off is for London. 定语从句(2) The fact that he has been dead is clear. 同位语从句

2、定语从句由关系代词或者关系副词引导，关系词在句中充当成分，有时可以省略；同位语从句主要由that引导，在句中⼀般不做成分；

句⼦也可以由when, where, how, why, whether, what等词引导，充当成分(1) The news he told me is true.

(2) The news that he has just died is true.

(3) The problem that we are facing now is how we can collect so much money. 定语(4) The problem how we can collect so much money is difficult to solve.

3、同位语从句和先⾏词⼀般可以⽤be动词发展成⼀个完整的句⼦，⽽定语从句不可以发展成⼀个完整的句⼦，(1) The idea that we could ask the teacher for advice is wonderful.同位语(2) The idea was that we could ask the teacher for advice.(3) The fact that the moon moves around the earth is known to all.(4) The fact is that the earth moves around the earth.

［定语从句］介词+关系词

1）介词后⾯的关系副词不能省略。2）that前不能有介词。

3）某些在从句中充当时间，地点或原因状语的\"介词+关系词\"结构可以同关系副词when 和where 互换。例如：This is the house in which I lived two years ago. 这是我两年前住过的房⼦。This is the house where I lived two years ago.

Do you remember the day on which you joined our club？还记得你加⼊我们俱乐部的那⼀天吗？Do you remember the day when you joined our club？