英语写作辅导

议论文三要素

论点、论据、论证

考试类型有三类：

一、 表明观点型 直接表明观点

在两个观点中选择一个进行表达

二、 比较分析型

比较两个立场之后确定自己的立场

三、 原因/结果型

讨论某一现象的根源或者其后果

真题分析：

表明观点：

97/Explain the roles that scientists play in society.

2002.3/With her entry into the WTO, China is being plunged into an international

competition for talents, and in particular, for higher level talents. To face this new challenge, china must do something, among other things, to reform her graduate (postgraduate) education system. State your opinion about this reform, and give the solid supporting details to your viewpoint.

2003/10 My idea of professional ethics for a scientist.

2001/科大 Write an article of about 300 words in which you explain the value of education.

99/To what extent should university courses be geared to the economic needs of the society? Discuss.

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2002/10 As a young scientist, which life would you prefer to live: common or uncommon? Why?

98/ In China more and more young couples living in the city prefer to live a life without children. Do you support this idea or not? Please comment and state your viewpoint.

比较分析：

99/To what extent should university courses be geared to the economic needs of the society? Discuss.

2002/10 As a young scientist, which life would you prefer to live: common or uncommon? Why?

98/ In China more and more young couples living in the city prefer to live a life without children. Do you support this idea or not? Please comment and state your viewpoint.

附加/The advantages and disadvantages of internet

附加/The advantages and disadvantages of cell phones

附加/The advantages and disadvantages of college enrollment expansion

原因/结果：

99/What do you think the self detached from the social and cultural context?

附加/What do you think of the tendency that cities are becoming bigger and bigger.

附加/What do you think of the phenomenon that raising pets is becoming more and more popular in today’s society.

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附加/What effects that popularity of computer knowledge will bring about?

实例分析：

表明观点：

直接表明：

Is failure a bad thing It is unlikely that one does not fail to do something in his life because no one can overcome the limitations in him. Sometimes we cannot make an achievement though we have worked hard, for we have no chance of success. Therefore, failure is quite common in life and career.

phone The popularity of telephone makes more and more people rarely write to their families or friends, for a call seems able to do everything. Since a phone is so direct and convenient, why not make full use of it?

Work and play “There are twenty-four hours in a day. Some for work some for play.” This is the first poem I have learned in English many years ago. I can still remember it today, not only because it is easy to recite but also because there is

something there. This is quite true because we human beings, unlike machines, have flesh and blood, soul and feelings. We cannot work all the time without any form of play.

比较之后表明：

With the development of the living

standard, some Chinese families can afford a private car. Yet opinions of the development of private cars vary from person to person. Some claim that there are many advantages in owning a car, others strongly object to developing private cars. In my opinion, a private car can

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bring us a lot of conveniences.

With the development of the living standard, some Chinese families can afford a private car. Yet opinions of the development of private cars vary from person to person. Some claim that there are many advantages in owning a car, others strongly object to developing private cars. In my opinion, there are many good reasons against owning a car.

Recently, the issue of mercy killing has been brought into focus. Some people hold that everyone has the right to choose whether he is going to die or not. Others, however, hold that if mercy killing is legalized it is difficult to tell the difference between mercy killing and murder. As far as I am concerned, I am in favor of the first/second view.

Recently, the problem of a person’s

essential qualities has aroused public concern. Some people believe that a person’s essential qualities are inherited at birth. But others hold that the circumstances in which a

person grows up are mainly responsible for the type of person he later becomes. As for me, I am on the first/second side of the argument. The reasons are as follows.

Recently, the issue of scientists’ contribution is a controversial one. Proponents hold that science is the most important subject, so the students who study scientific subjects should be given more financial support by government than those who study other subjects. However, opponents hold that other subjects are as important as science. As to me, the second view is more preferable.

作业实例

In recent years, the topic of whether college and university education should be free for

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all students is heatedly debated in our society. Some people argue that college students should fully financed by the government. Others do not agree. In my opinion, I would support the former idea. The reasons are as follows.

Nowadays, college and university education is not free in many countries. However, with the development of modern society, it should be free for all students, fully financed by the government.

There is a general discussion nowadays about the problem whether young people should pursue immediate fame and recognition or they should pursue long-term, realistic goals. Different people may have different views. For me, I support the later opinion.

Nowadays, people become more and more engrossed in seeking immediate fame and recognition, while a great inspiration or long-term goals are not in their mind. Among them are a lot of young people, which is really a pity not only for themselves but also for the whole society, because of the negative effects it will bring about.

Technology plays a very important role in our life. It makes our life comfortable and colorful. Necessary as it is, it is not always a positive force in modern life.

In our modern society, technology is very necessary. Through technology, our life has been greatly improved. On the other hand, technology is not always a positive force in the daily life. Misusing technology can been seen everywhere.

In recent years, with the rapid development

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of industry and agriculture, technology has played a significant role for the improvement of our society. However, like everything else, technology has both plus and minus sides.

比较分析：

涉及到某个事物的优缺点时 advantage/disadvantage

P10/Should students bring mobile phones to school

P36/The internet---A two edged sword

The advantage and disadvantage of cell phone Nowadays, with the rapid development of society and technology, cell phones are playing an increasingly significant part in our daily life and work. They have become an important tool for us to communicate with each other. I cannot imagine what will happen if we suddenly lose them. But merits and demerits usually exist together.

Generally, the strong point can be listed as follows. First, it is convenient to contact each other by cell phones. Whenever it is and wherever you are, you can communicate with the person you want to talk to. If you want to save money, you can also send the short messages to achieve the same purpose. Secondly, thanks to the cell phones, we do not have to look for the phone boxes everywhere, thus, much time can be saved. We do not need to worry whether we can respond to our friends immediately. But advantages usually go hand in hand with disadvantages. For example, we sometimes lose freedom and our leisure time because of its ring will disturb us. Even worse, when we use the cell phones, we cannot avoid being exposed to the radiation from them. It is harmful to our health for the frequent exposition will cause brain cancer.

To conclude, whether favorable or unfavorable, the trend that cell phones are becoming more and more popular is

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irreversible in at least a few decades ahead. Therefore, steps should be taken to reduce their weak points to a minimum.

原因/结果：

P12/Slaughter on the highway

P13/Educational gap between big cities and backward regions Cars Nowadays, in many cities, roads are crowded with cars. The trend has aroused public concern. But why is it so? The answer to this question involves three interrelated factors.

Part of the explanation for this change is the rapid economic development. More and more companies and people need more cars to meet their business requirement. Another important factor is that the cars can provide us with much comfort, safety and free transportation. We can enjoy our life more than before. Finally, more and more auto companies spring up like mushrooms around the world and cars roll out of car factories every day.

In conclusion, these are some causes of more cars in cities. There might be some more underlying causes. But it can be understood that the change cannot be stopped. Therefore, we should make full use of the trend. Nowadays, in many cities, roads are crowded with cars. The trend has aroused public concern, because it has brought about several bad effects.

The effects that many cars have brought about are disturbing. The immediate result that many cars produce is air pollution. Cars give off much exhaust and noise that are harmful to out health. The next might be reduction of land, and we have to build more roads and parking lots for cars in already crowded cities. You can find traffic jams prevalent on your way to and from work.

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In conclusion, these are some effects of more cars in cities. There might be some more unpredictable effects. But it can be understood that the change cannot be stopped. Therefore, efforts should be made to reduce its ill effects to a minimum.

Mutual understanding between teachers and Students Nowadays, it is not uncommon to notice the fact that there is a lack of understanding between teachers and students. Teachers often complain that the only child is spoilt and they lack the qualities of diligence, while students’ outcry about some uninteresting classes is also frequently heard. There exist some possible reasons for the gap.

First, teachers may not know exactly what interests students, and the content taught might be out-of-date. Second, students, reluctant to work hard and always pursuing something new, expect short-cuts and are only too ready to complain about the lecture. Thirdly, besides teaching and learning, teachers and students seldom find opportunities to have personal communications with each other.

To shorten this gap, both sides should make an effort. Teachers should keep abreast of the latest development in their field so that they always have something new in their

teaching. Students, on the other hand, ought to bear in mind the proverb, “No pains, no gains.” If they find something dull, it is time that they themselves made it interesting through hard work.

措施

How to eliminate fake diploma It is reported that the flooding of fake diplomas is becoming a serious problem recently. When employers lay much emphasis on their candidates’ education background, different kinds of fake diplomas appear in society. It is unfair that one fails to get his

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job just because his rival has got a fake diploma. To stop this phenomenon, we can adopt many ways.

The chief way is that companies and universities should have a close contact so that the fake diplomas cannot play tricks. Another approach is that the one who fabricates the fake diplomas should be severely punished by law and totally exposed through media. Finally, the one who uses a fake diploma in finding jobs should be disqualified from the job market for at least three months. That may give a lesson to others. These are not the only three measures we can take. But it should be noted that we should take strong actions to prohibit fake diplomas.

How to eliminate fake software With the development of computer

industry, personal computers have entered our life. With them, the fake software for computers came onto the market. The fake software manufactures draw a large profit that should have been gained by the original software developers. Now the government orders repeatedly to crack down on pirates and protect the copyright. Some drastic measures should be adopted to avoid this thorny situation. As the first step, the law concerned should be laid down. Those who produce the fake software should be heavily fined and their fakes should be confiscated and then broken into pieces. Also, the price should be adjusted. The high price of the original makes customers hesitate and draw back. On many occasions, a customer will have to spend 10 percent of his monthly salary on one disc. So the publisher should cut the price to correspond with the consumers’ purchasing power. If small profits but quick turnover take effect, developers, publishers and consumers can get mutual benefits. Last but not least, consciousness should be cultivated among consumers. Everyone should be aware that software represents the wisdom and the sweat of the

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developer. The action of buying the fake is equal to theft.

Each of the above three approaches is effective and feasible. If we combine these three ways, it will surely produce the great power. It should be reminded that eliminating fake software should not just be a topic. Actions should be taken. The sooner, the better.

议论文三要素：

论点、论据、论证

论证的方式：

introduction body conclusion

introduction 不要道歉

I am a college student and do not consider myself an expert on the computer industry, but I think that many computer companies make false claims about just easy it is to learn to use a computer.

不要抱怨

I could not come up with an interesting topic, because I am not interested in it at all.

过于单调

It is well-known that Beijing is the capital city of China.

定义标题

The title of this paper, “Graduate teaching assistants,” indicates that it is concerned with graduate teaching assistants who are teaching in college while also pursuing their own graduate work.

开个好头：

In recent years, with the reform of university

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education, there are many disadvantages. The reform of university education has many disadvantages.

Sometimes I always hear that……

As a young man, he should have a vigorous, energy and acute mind.

A young man should have a vigorous, energetic and acute mind.

Body

三段论 五段论

conclusion 总结 提建议 号召 预测

in conclusion to conclude in a word in short in summary

不要用串

College study should be free College and university education should be free for all students, fully financed by the government. The merits of this can be listed as follows. ……

In conclusion, there some causes of the

merits. There might be some more underlying causes and some more unpredictable effects, but it can be certain that the trend is

irreversible. Therefore, our country should conform to this trend and reduce its ill effects.

结尾不要提出新观点：

In conclusion, free college and university education is beneficial both to our country

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and to each individual. The government should resist corruption and invest more money to education and make people to study more.

论点的位置：

什么是论点

My father never smokes and drinks alcohol. My father is a very kind man.

The dictionary cost me 20 yuan.

The dictionary I bought yesterday quite suits me.

根据要求确定中心论点：

Goal is the guiding principle of life. It is especially important for young people to make goals. Young people’s goals should be not only long-term but also realistic.

中心论点的位置

不要一上来就亮中心论点

Develop an essay to argue for or against …… If you have a choice, do you prefer… or …

I am against the position……

If I have a choice, I would prefer……

开头过于突兀：

Technology is a necessary but not always a positive force in modern life.

Technology is a double-edged sword, because it is a necessary but not always a positive force in modern life.

开头过于啰嗦：

Today, in our society, more and more people feel the importance of knowledge. So many parents begin to save money, its aim isn’t for themselves having a better life, but for the expense of education. These parents think that registering in an college or university is the only way to step into success. However, it isn’t

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all parents have enough money for their children to go to college or university. Some living in west is so poor that dinner becomes a problem let alone to provide a chance for children to read book. In view of so situation, a urgent problem has been given rise to: If college or university should be free for all students entirely, and full financed by the government completely. There are three reasons as follows.

Today, in our society, more and more people recognize the importance of knowledge.

However, not everyone can afford the expensive education. Such a situation gives rises to the urgent question: Should college or university education be free and fully financed by the government? I think the answer is yes. There are three reasons for my opinion.

把中心论点拉近你自己

Develop an essay to argue for or against owning a private car.

With the development of the living standard, some Chinese families can afford a private car. Yet opinions of the development of private cars vary from person to person. Some claim that there are many advantages in owning a car, others strongly object to developing private cars. In my opinion a private car can bring us a lot of conveniences.

I am for it.

In my opinion, there are many good reasons against owning a car.

I am against it.

People who live in the suburbs are alike. People who live in the suburbs are alike in age, race and politics.

Capital punishment should be abolished.

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Capital punishment should be abolished because it is useless and inhuman.

Pollution constitutes a serious problem to humanity. Air pollution constitutes a serious problem to humanity.

College and university education should be free for all students, fully financed by the government. The reason lies in the following three aspects— human right, social reality and scientific development.

The development of technology changed our life greatly. We use mobile phone to keep in touch with other people; We use internet to get information we want; And technology also makes us calm in the face of unknown diseases. Technology has become a necessary part in modern life. But it is not all, modern life requires all the progresses in politics, economy, technology and public healthy morality.

分论点的位置

分论点不是重复中心论点

With the development of society and technology, technology has become a tool conquering and changing the nature. Technology plays an important role in human activity. However, technology is a necessary but not always a positive force in life.

Like other things, technology also has its positive and negative force in human’s life. We mainly pay attention to its negative aspect, and leave its positive aspect alone. ……

区别分论点和论据

Technology has many negative aspects. First, with the development of technology, nuclear energy came out many years ago. People are

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facing the danger of nuclear war, which could destroy all of us. Second, the mobile-phone

has become more and more popular. Even though it has bridged the distance between people, the cell phone owners suffer from the radiation problem, which is very harmful to our health. Moreover, the pollution caused by cars is very Serious so that our environment is in a great trouble now.

Technology has many negative aspects. First, it can endanger people’s health. …… Second, it might threaten our nature environment. …… Third, it might even take our lives away. ……

分论点要紧紧围绕中心论点

Education should be fully supported. I think that most of college and university staff have no relation with teaching or research If they could be eliminated by reform, the expense for college and university could be lowered to a level that the government could accept easily.

First, in a large urban area like Beijing, a car allows a person to move around freely. With a car, there is no need to check a bus schedule or wait for a train. Second, a car is a comfortable way to travel, especially in the wintertime. In bad weather, the driver stays warm and dry, while the poor bus or train rider might have to stand in the rain. Finally, a driver is usually safe in a car at night. The rider might need to walk down a dark street to get to a stop, or wait on a dark corner.

With the rapid development of our society, many kinds of technology have been

developed quickly. Most of them have become essential to our everyday life. However, some are dangerous for human beings.

It may be safely said that modern life has been enormously improved with the

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development of technology. We can contact our friends any time with a mobile phone. We can do anywhere by cars or planes very conveniently. We can instantly obtain any information through internet. Nevertheless, ……

论证也要围绕分论点：

Young people should be encouraged to pursue Long-term, realistic goals rather than seek Immediate fame fame and recognition

First of all, if young people only seek immediate fame and recognition, they will not make further achievements once they have reached the immediate goal. …… Secondly, in order to make our country richer and stronger, young people should be encouraged to pursue long-term, realistic goals, such as devoting to science. There are many things to be done ahead of them. They should make every effort to finish them. It will take them much time to pursue the long-term, realistic goals. During the process, they

must overcome many difficulties and can get much useful knowledge, which can make our lives and experience plentiful. We can benefit much from pursuing the long-tern realistic goals.

通过“大脑风暴”产生分论点

Internet For:

Internet is one of the most important symbols of information revolution.

Internet provides people with a lot valuable Information.

People do not have to go to the libraries to Search for information, which is timing-consuming.

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Today, people just turn on their computer to surf internet like opening a window to the world.

People can communicate with each other by mail, which is cheaper than a phone call.

Against:

Access to so much information creates problems.

Many websites provide a lot of harmful Information, such as gambling and violence.

Many students spend a lot of time on

these bad websites that are likely to affect their learning and conducts.

论据的类型

引证：

Emerson believes that people must accept who they are and embrace their talents and their minds. We’ve all been taught the saying, “No pains, no gains.” Emerson goes one step further, claiming that “ A man is relieved and gay when he has put his heart into his work and done his best, but what he has said or done otherwise, shall give him no peace. It is a deliverance that does not deliver.” He is explaining here that one’s heart truly needs to be dedicated to his task in order to reach fulfillment. Achieving fulfillment is, in essence, a step towards self-reliance.

举例：

Woman can work as well as man in many fields. For example, many female scientists have greatly contributed to the development of human civilization.

Children should be trusted to do things in

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daily life themselves. For example, parents can ask their children for help with housework.

正确使用for example (for instance)和such as:

I have many hobbies. For example, I like playing badminton very much.

I have many hobbies such as playing badminton, collecting stamps and going camping.

I have such hobbies as playing badminton and collecting stamps.

类比：

Students look forward to finding good jobs after four years of study. Climbers expect to get a bird’s eye view over the mountain after making a strenuous effort. With the

persistence during the progress you could reach the aim with satisfaction. You will be rewarded with a prosperous career or a marvelous spectacle.

列举：

On giving pocket money to children

It is more advisable to give pocket money to children. First, it is convenient for children to have money. Second, with pocket money, children can practice making a budget, which is very important in their future adult life. Third, pocket money makes children independent since they can think on their own and plan their own life.

驳论：

It cannot be denied that space research costs a great amount of money and even human lives. Those who are against space research may cite examples of Challenger and

Columbia. These cases are true, but the view holders seem to neglect that in any development there is some error and the error can be a

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lesson to future development.

Today, young people are encouraged to seek immediate fame and recognition. In some sense, it is understandable, but I believe that they should be encouraged to pursue long-term realistic goals. The reasons can be listed as follows.

数据： statistics

According to the statistics,

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